Influence of nucleating agent on the crystallization kinetics and morphology of polypropylene
Simanke, Adriane Gomes; Azeredo, Ana Paula de; Lemos, Cristóvão de; Mauler, Raquel Santos
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0104-1428.2053
Polímeros: Ciência e Tecnologia, vol.26, n2, p.152-160, 2016
Abstract
The influence of three nucleating agents from different generations on the crystallization behavior of propylene homopolymer was studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The amount of nucleating agent used varied between 1000 and 2200 ppm. The new generation nucleating agent, Hyperform® HPN-68L, accelerates the crystallization more efficiently than the other nucleating agents tested. It was also possible to verify the effects of agglomeration and negative interaction between calcium stearate and sodium benzoate. Furthermore, AFM images allowed to differentiate the crystals generated by Millad® 3988 through the observation of a fibrillar intertwining network structure, with characteristic spacing and length of crystals, justifying its excellent performance to improve polypropylene optical properties.
Keywords
AFM, crystallization kinetics, morphology, nucleating agent, polypropylene.
References
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4. Marco, C., Ellis, G., Gomez, M. A., & Arribas, J. M. (2003). Analysis of the isothermal crystallization of isotactic polypropylene nucleated with sorbitol derivatives. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 88(9), 2261-2274. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.11935.
5. Binsbergen, F. L., & Lange, B. G. M. (1970). Heterogeneous nucleation in the crystallization of polyolefins: Part 2. Kinetics of crystallization of nucleated polypropylene. Polymer, 11(6), 309-332. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0032-3861(70)90071-6.
6. Hay, J. N. (1971). Application of the modified avrami equations to polymer crystallisation kinetics. Polymer Journal, 3(2), 74-82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pi.4980030205.
7. Supaphol, P. (2001). Application of the Avrami, Tobin, Malkin, and Urbanovici-Segal macrokinetic models to isothermal crystallization of syndiotactic polypropylene. Thermochimica Acta, 370(1-2), 37-48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0040-6031(00)00767-X.
8. Zhuomin, D., & Spruiell, J. E. (1997). Interpretation of the nonisothermal crystallization kinetics of polypropylene using a power law nucleation rate function. Journal of Polymer Science. Part B, Polymer Physics, 35(7), 1077-1093. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0488(199705)35:7<1077::AID-POLB7>3.0.CO;2-T.
9. Li, C. C., Zhang, D., & Li, Z. Y. (2002). The effects of alkaline earth dehydroabietate on the crystallization process of polypropylene. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 85(13), 2644-2651. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.10545.
10. Zhao, X. E., & Dotson, D. L. (2002). US Patent No. 6465551 B1. Alexandria, Virginia: USPTO.
11. Jang, G. S., Cho, W. J., & Ha, C. S. (2001). Crystallization behavior of polypropylene with or without sodium benzoate as a nucleating agent. Journal of Polymer Science. Part B, Polymer Physics, 39(10), 1001-1016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/polb.1077.
12. Libster, D., Aserin, A., & Garti, N. (2006). A novel dispersion method comprising a nucleating agent solubilized in a microemulsion, in polymer matrix. I. Dispersion method and polymer characterization. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 299(1), 172-181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2006.01.064. PMid:16554065.
13. Botkin, J. H., Dunski, N., & Maeder, D. (2002). Improving molding productivity and enhancing mechanical properties of polypropylene with nucleating agents. Kwinana: Ciba Speciality Chemicals.
14. Santamaria, E., Phan, H. D., & Killough, L. (2008). Clarified polypropylene – old technology vs. new chemistry. In SPE Polyolefins 2008 Proceedings (pp. 1686-1692). Houston: SPE.
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16. Hobbs, J. K. (2003). In-situ AFM of polymer crystallization. Chinese Journal of Polymer Science, 21(2), 129-133.
17. Tenma, M., & Yamaguchi, M. (2007). Structure and properties of injection-molded polypropylene with sorbitol-based clarifier. Polymer Engineering and Science, 47(9), 1441-1446. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.20839.
18. Nogales, A., Mitchell, G. R., & Vaughan, A. S. (2003). Anisotropic crystallization in polypropylene induced by deformation of a nucleating agent network. Macromolecules, 36(13), 4898-4906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma0343028.
19. Kurja, J., & Mehl, N. A. (2001). Plastics additives handbook. Munich: Hanser.
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