Polímeros: Ciência e Tecnologia
https://revistapolimeros.org.br/article/doi/10.1590/0104-1428.20220118
Polímeros: Ciência e Tecnologia
Review Article

Effect of coupling agents on properties of vegetable fiber polymeric composites: review

Dielen Marin; Luana Marcele Chiarello; Vinicyus Rodolfo Wiggers; Amanda Dantas de Oliveira; Vanderleia Botton

Downloads: 2
Views: 627

Abstract

Using natural fibers in composites presents a wide range of applications, from furniture to airplanes. In polymeric composite, the use of fiber is to boost strength and stiffness. However, this material presents low mechanical properties compared to virgin polymers due to hydrophilic nature of the fiber and hydrophobic nature of the polymer. It can result in weak bonding matrix/fiber which may cause incompatibility problem in bonding fibers with most of the polymer matrices. To achieve compatibility between surfaces there is a need to modify them, and one alternative is using coupling agents. Maleated coupling agents stand out as option, but their source is petroleum-derived polyolefin. Researchers have been seeking for more environmentally friendly alternatives to replace these materials. Therefore, this work aims to bring a comprehensive review of the mechanical behavior of maleated and ecological coupling agents. Based on the literature, resistance, flexural, and tensile strength were properties discussed.

 

 

Keywords

composite, coupling agent, mechanical properties, natural fiber, polymer

References

1 Poletto, M. (2020). Natural oils as coupling agents in recycled polypropylene wood flour composites: mechanical, thermal and morphological properties. Polymers & Polymer Composites, 28(7), 443-450. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0967391119886941.

2 Bledzki, A. K., Faruk, O., & Jaszkiewicz, A. (2010). Cars from renewable materials. Kompozyty. Retrieved in 2023, May 1, from http://kompozyty.ptmk.net/pliczki/pliki/2010_t3_17.pdf

3 Li, M., & Wu, Z. H. (2013). The properties of wood-plastics composite (WPC) and its application in furniture. Advanced Materials Research, 815, 605-609. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.815.605.

4 Bakis, C. E., Bank, L. C., Brown, V. L., Cosenza, E., Davalos, J. F., Lesko, J. J., Machida, A., Rizkalla, S. H., & Triantafillou, T. C. (2002). Fiber-reinforced polymer composites for construction - state-of-the-art review. Journal of Composites for Construction, 6(2), 73-87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2002)6:2(73).

5 Balakrishnan, P., John, M. J., Pothen, L., Sreekala, M. S., & Thomas, S. (2016). Natural fibre and polymer matrix composites and their applications in aerospace engineering. In S. Rana & R. Fangueiro (Eds.), Advanced composite materials for aerospace engineering: processing, properties and applications (pp. 365-383). Duxford: Woodhead Publishing. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-100037-3.00012-2.

6 Väisänen, T., Haapala, A., Lappalainen, R., & Tomppo, L. (2016). Utilization of agricultural and forest industry waste and residues in natural fiber-polymer composites: a review. Waste Management, 54, 62-73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2016.04.037. PMid:27184447.

7 Indústria Brasileira de Árvores – IBÁ. (2019). Report 2019. Brasília: Indústria Brasileira de Árvores. Retrieved in 2023, May 1, from https://iba.org/datafiles/publicacoes/relatorios/relatorioiba2019-final.pdf

8 Associação Brasileira da Indústria do Plástico – ABIPLAST. (2019). Prerfil 2019. São Paulo: Associação Brasileira da Indústria do Plástico. Retrieved in 2023, May 1, from http://www.abiplast.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Perfil_2019_web_abiplast.pdf

9 Beckermann, G. W., & Pickering, K. L. (2008). Engineering and evaluation of hemp fibre reinforced polypropylene composites: fibre treatment and matrix modification. Composites. Part A, Applied Science and Manufacturing, 39(6), 979-988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2008.03.010.

10 Chen, H.-L., & Porter, R. S. (1994). Composite of polyethylene and kenaf, a natural cellulose fiber. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 54(11), 1781-1783. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1994.070541121.

11 Bosenbecker, M. W., Cholant, G. M., Silva, G. E. H., Paniz, O. G., Carreño, N. L. V., Marini, J., & Oliveira, A. D. (2019). Mechanical characterization of HDPE reinforced with cellulose from rice husk biomass. Polímeros: Ciência e Tecnologia, 29(4), e2019058. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0104-1428.04819.

12 Xiao, X., Zhong, Y., Cheng, M., Sheng, L., Wang, D., & Li, S. (2021). Improved hygrothermal durability of flax/polypropylene composites after chemical treatments through a hybrid approach. Cellulose, 28(17), 11209-11229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10570-021-04179-w.

13 Reichert, A. A., Sá, M. R., Freitas, T. C., Barbosa, R., Alves, T. S., Backes, E. H., Alano, J. H., & Oliveira, A. D. (2022). Barrier, mechanical and morphological properties of biodegradable films based on corn starch incorporated with cellulose obtained from pineapple crowns. Journal of Natural Fibers, 19(14), 8541-8554. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15440478.2021.1964140.

14 Li, X., Tabil, L. G., & Panigrahi, S. (2007). Chemical treatments of natural fiber for use in natural fiber-reinforced composites: a review. Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 15(1), 25-33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10924-006-0042-3.

15 Stevens, S., Dhas, J. E. R., Lewise, K. A. S., Mohammad, A., & Fahad, M. (2022). Investigations on chemical behaviours on mechanical properties of natural fiber composites: an evaluation. Materials Today: Proceedings, 64(Part 1), 410-415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.04.761.

16 Suardana, N. P. G., Piao, Y., & Lim, J. K. (2011). Mechanical properties of HEMP fibers and HEMP/PP composites: effects of chemical surface treatment. Materials Physics and Mechanics. Retrieved in 2023, May 1, from https://mpm.spbstu.ru/userfiles/files/MPM_11_1_P01.pdf

17 Zaman, H. U., & Khan, R. A. (2021). Acetylation used for natural fiber/polymer composites. Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials, 34(1), 3-23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0892705719838000.

18 Haque, R., Saxena, M., Shit, S. C., & Asokan, P. (2015). Fibre-matrix adhesion and properties evaluation of sisal polymer composite. Fibers and Polymers, 16(1), 146-152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12221-015-0146-2.

19 Enciso, B., Abenojar, J., Aparicio, G. M., & Martínez, M. A. (2021). Decomposition kinetics and lifetime estimation of natural fiber reinforced composites: influence of plasma treatment and fiber type. Journal of Industrial Textiles, 51(4), 594-610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1528083719886046.

20 Nayak, S., & Mohanty, J. R. (2019). Influence of chemical treatment on tensile strength, water absorption, surface morphology, and thermal analysis of areca sheath fibers. Journal of Natural Fibers, 16(4), 589-599. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15440478.2018.1430650.

21 Ahmad, F., Choi, H. S., & Park, M. K. (2015). A review: natural fiber composites selection in view of mechanical, light weight, and economic properties. Macromolecular Materials and Engineering, 300(1), 10-24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mame.201400089.

22 Lu, J. Z., Wu, Q., & McNabb, H. S. (2000). Chemical coupling in wood fiber and polymer composites: a review of coupling agents and treatments. Wood and Fiber Science. Retrieved in 2023, May 1, from https://wfs.swst.org/index.php/wfs/article/view/1311

23 Gholampour, A., & Ozbakkaloglu, T. (2020). A review of natural fiber composites: properties, modification and processing techniques, characterization, applications. Journal of Materials Science, 55(3), 829-892. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-019-03990-y.

24 Pang, A. L., Ismail, H., & Bakar, A. A. (2018). Eco-friendly coupling agent-treated kenaf/linear low-density polyethylene/poly (vinyl alcohol) composites. Iranian Polymer Journal, 27(2), 87-96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13726-017-0588-z.

25 Rocha, D. B., & Rosa, D. S. (2019). Coupling effect of starch coated fibers for recycled polymer/wood composites. Composites. Part B, Engineering, 172, 1-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.05.052.

26 Younesi-Kordkheili, H., & Pizzi, A. (2020). Ionic liquid-modified lignin as a bio-coupling agent for natural fiber-recycled polypropylene composites. Composites. Part B, Engineering, 181, 107587. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.107587.

27 Iberdrola. (2023, March 10). Quais são as consequências da superexploração dos recursos naturais? Retrieved in 2023, May 1, from https://www.iberdrola.com/sustentabilidade/superexploracao-dos-recursos-naturais

28 Adekomaya, O., & Majozi, T. (2019). Sustainability of surface treatment of natural fibre in composite formation: challenges of environment-friendly option. International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 105(7-8), 3183-3195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-019-04581-6.

29 Pickering, K. L., Efendy, M. G. A., & Le, T. M. (2016). A review of recent developments in natural fibre composites and their mechanical performance. Composites. Part A, Applied Science and Manufacturing, 83, 98-112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2015.08.038.

30 Karmaker, A. C., & Shneider, J. P. (1996). Mechanical performance of short jute fibre reinforced polypropylene. Journal of Materials Science Letters, 15(3), 201-202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00274450.

31 Tserki, V., Matzinos, P., & Panayiotou, C. (2003). Effect of compatibilization on the performance of biodegradable composites using cotton fiber waste as filler. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 88(7), 1825-1835. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.11812.

32 Mulinari, D. R., Voorwald, H. J. C., Cioffi, M. O. H., Silva, M. L. C. P., Cruz, T. G., & Saron, C. (2009). Sugarcane bagasse cellulose/HDPE composites obtained by extrusion. Composites Science and Technology, 69(2), 214-219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2008.10.006.

33 Rosário, F., Pachekoski, W. M., Silveira, A. P. J., Santos, S. F., Savastano, H. Jr., & Casarin, S. A. (2011). Virgin and recycled polypropylene composites reinforced with sisal by-product. Polímeros: Ciência e Tecnologia, 21(2), 90-97.

34 Fuqua, M. A., Huo, S., & Ulven, C. A. (2012). Natural fiber reinforced composites. Polymer Reviews, 52(3), 259-320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15583724.2012.705409.

35 Fowler, P. A., Hughes, J. M., & Elias, R. M. (2006). Biocomposites: technology, environmental credentials and market forces. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 86(12), 1781-1789. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.2558.

36 Sood, M., & Dwivedi, G. (2018). Effect of fiber treatment on flexural properties of natural fiber reinforced composites: a review. Egyptian Journal of Petroleum, 27(4), 775-783. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpe.2017.11.005.

37 Ramos, L. P., Silveira, M. H. L., Chiarello, L. M., Gomes, G. R., & Cordeiro, C. S. (2016). Perspectivas à implementação de projetos de biorrefinaria baseadas no uso de materiais lignocelulósicos. In M. C. Area & S. W. Park (Eds.), Panorama de la industria de celulosa y papel y materiales lignocelulósicos (pp. 84-119). Posadas: Universidad Nacional de Misiones.

38 Albinante, S. R., Pacheco, É. B. A. V., & Visconte, L. L. Y. (2013). A review on chemical treatment of natural fiber for mixing with polyolefins. Química Nova, 36(1), 114-122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-40422013000100021.

39 Saheb, D. N., & Jog, J. P. (1999). Natural fiber polymer composites: a review. Advances in Polymer Technology, 18(4), 351-363. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-2329(199924)18:4<351::AID-ADV6>3.0.CO;2-X.

40 John, M. J., & Thomas, S. (2008). Biofibres and biocomposites. Carbohydrate Polymers, 71(3), 343-364. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2007.05.040.

41 Xu, Y., Wu, Q., Lei, Y., Yao, F., & Zhang, Q. (2008). Natural fiber reinforced poly(vinyl chloride) composites: effect of fiber type and impact modifier. Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 16(4), 250-257. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10924-008-0113-8.

42 Clemons, C. (2008). Raw materials for wood-polymer composites. In K. O. Niska & M. Sain (Eds.), Wood-polymer composite (pp. 1-22). Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing Limited. http://dx.doi.org/10.1533/9781845694579.1.

43 Kabir, M. M., Wang, H., Aravinthan, T., Cardona, F., & Lau, K. T. (2007). Effects of natural fibre surface on composite properties: a review. Energy, Environment, and Sustainability. Retrieved in 2023, May 1, from https://eprints.usq.edu.au/18822/5/Kabir_Wang_Aravinthan_Cardona_Lau_eddBE2011_PV.pdf

44 Lau, K.-T., Hung, P.-Y., Zhu, M.-H., & Hui, D. (2018). Properties of natural fibre composites for structural engineering applications. Composites. Part B, Engineering, 136, 222-233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2017.10.038.

45 Poletto, M. (2017). Compósitos termoplásticos com madeira - uma breve revisão. Revista Interdisciplinar de Ciência Aplicada. Retrieved in 2023, May 1, from https://sou.ucs.br/revistas/index.php/ricaucs/article/view/46/42

46 Azlin, M. N. M., Sapuan, S. M., Zainudin, E. S., Zuhri, M. Y. M., & Ilyas, R. A. (2020). Natural polylactic acid-based fiber composites: a review. In F. M. Al-Oqla & S.M. Sapuan (Eds.), Advanced processing, properties, and applications of starch and other bio-based polymers (pp. 21-34). Amsterdam: Elsevier. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-819661-8.00003-2.

47 Marques, A. T. (2011). Fibrous materials reinforced composites production techniques. In R. Fangueiro (Ed.), Fibrous and composite materials for civil engineering applications (pp. 191-215). Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing Limited. http://dx.doi.org/10.1533/9780857095583.3.191.

48 Ratna, D. (2022). Recent advances and applications of thermoset resins. Amsterdam: Elsevier. Chemistry and general applications of thermoset resins, pp. 1-172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-85664-5.00006-5.

49 Salem, S., Oliver-Ortega, H., Espinach, F. X., Hamed, K. B., Nasri, N., Alcalà, M., & Mutjé, P. (2019). Study on the tensile strength and micromechanical analysis of alfa fibers reinforced high density polyethylene composites. Fibers and Polymers, 20(3), 602-610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12221-019-8568-x.

50 Zhao, X., Sun, Z., & Tang, A. (2022). Effects of hyperbranched polyamide on the properties of sisal fiber reinforced polypropylene composites. Journal of Natural Fibers, 19(5), 1690-1699. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15440478.2020.1787923.

51 Jiang, L., Fu, J., & Liu, L. (2020). Seawater degradation resistance of straw fiber-reinforced polyvinyl chloride composites. BioResources, 15(3), 5305-5315. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.15.3.5305-5315.

52 Zafar, M. F., & Siddiqui, M. A. (2022). Preparation and characterization of natural fiber filled polystyrene composite using in situ polymerisation technique. Advances in Materials and Processing Technologies, 8(1), 169-179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/2374068X.2020.1798087.

53 Azammi, A. M. N., Sapuan, S. M., Ishak, M. R., & Sultan, M. T. H. (2020). Physical and damping properties of kenaf fibre filled natural rubber/thermoplastic polyurethane composites. Defence Technology, 16(1), 29-34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dt.2019.06.004.

54 Arun, M., Vincent, S., & Karthikeyan, R. (2019). Development and characterization of sisal and jute cellulose reinforced polymer composite. Materials Today: Proceedings, 28(Part 2), 556-561.

55 Kumar, S. S. (2020). Effect of natural fiber loading on mechanical properties and thermal characteristics of hybrid polyester composites for industrial and construction fields. Fibers and Polymers, 21(7), 1508-1514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12221-020-9853-4.

56 Ibrahim, M. M., Moustafa, H., Rahman, E. N. A. E., Mehanny, S., Hemida, M. H., & El-Kashif, E. (2020). Reinforcement of starch based biodegradable composite using Nile rose residues. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 9(3), 6160-6171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2020.04.018.

57 Sarasini, F., Tirillò, J., Puglia, D., Dominici, F., Santulli, C., Boimau, K., Valente, T., & Torre, L. (2017). Biodegradable polycaprolactone-based composites reinforced with ramie and borassus fibres. Composite Structures, 167, 20-29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2017.01.071.

58 Azhar, S. W., Xu, F., Zhang, Y., & Qiu, Y. (2020). Fabrication and mechanical properties of flaxseed fiber bundle-reinforced polybutylene succinate composites. Journal of Industrial Textiles, 50(1), 98-113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1528083718821876.

59 Manral, A., & Bajpai, P. K. (2020). Static and dynamic mechanical analysis of geometrically different kenaf/PLA green composite laminates. Polymer Composites, 41(2), 691-706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.25399.

60 Faruk, O., Bledzki, A. K., Fink, H.-P., & Sain, M. (2014). Progress report on natural fiber reinforced composites. Macromolecular Materials and Engineering, 299(1), 9-26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mame.201300008.

61 Chun, K. S., & Husseinsyah, S. (2014). Polylactic acid/corn cob eco-composites: effect of new organic coupling agent. Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials, 27(12), 1667-1678. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0892705712475008.

62 Husseinsyah, S., Chun, K. S., Hadi, A., & Ahmad, R. (2016). Effect of filler loading and coconut oil coupling agent on properties of low-density polyethylene and palm kernel shell eco-composites. Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology, 22(3), 200-205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vnl.21423.

63 Oliveira, T. Á., Teixeira, A., Mulinari, D. R., & Goulart, S. A. S. (2017). Avaliação do uso de agente compatibilizante no comportamento mecânico dos compósitos PEBD reforçados com fibras de coco verde. Cadernos UniFOA, 5(14), 11-17. http://dx.doi.org/10.47385/cadunifoa.v5.n14.1008.

64 Mohanty, S., Verma, S. K., & Nayak, S. K. (2006). Dynamic mechanical and thermal properties of MAPE treated jute/HDPE composites. Composites Science and Technology, 66(3-4), 538-547. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2005.06.014.

65 Mohanty, S., Nayak, S. K., Verma, S. K., & Tripathy, S. S. (2004). Effect of MAPP as coupling agent on the performance of sisal-PP composites. Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, 23(18), 2047-2063. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0731684404041711.

66 Chun, K. S., Husseinsyah, S., & Yeng, C. M. (2016). Effect of green coupling agent from waste oil fatty acid on the properties of polypropylene/cocoa pod husk composites. Polymer Bulletin, 73(12), 3465-3484. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00289-016-1682-7.

67 Borsoi, C., Scienza, L. C., Zattera, A. J., & Angrizani, C. C. (2011). Obtainment and characterization of composites using polystyrene as matrix and fiber waste from cotton textile industry as reinforcement. Polímeros: Ciência e Tecnologia, 21(4), 271-279. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0104-14282011005000055.

68 Aouat, H., Hammiche, D., Boukerrou, A., Djidjelli, H., Grohens, Y., & Pillin, I. (2020). Effects of interface modification on composites based on olive husk flour. Materials Today: Proceedings, 36(Part 1), 94-100.

69 Jayaraman, K., & Bhattacharyya, D. (2004). Mechanical performance of woodfibre-waste plastic composite materials. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 41(4), 307-319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2003.12.001.

70 Macedo, M. J. P., Silva, G. S., Feitor, M. C., Costa, T. H. C., Ito, E. N., & Melo, J. D. D. (2020). Composites from recycled polyethylene and plasma treated kapok fibers. Cellulose, 27(4), 2115-2134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10570-019-02946-4.

71 Rokbi, M., Khaldoune, A., Sanjay, M. R., Senthamaraikannan, P., Ati, A., & Siengchin, S. (2020). Effect of processing parameters on tensile properties of recycled polypropylene based composites reinforced with jute fabrics. International Journal of Lightweight Materials and Manufacture, 3(2), 144-149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlmm.2019.09.005.

72 Shebani, A., Algoul, S. M., Al-Qish, A. M., & Elhari, W. (2019). Impact strength and surface hardness properties: virgin PVC versus recycled PVC composites filled with two different natural fibers. In 2nd Conference for Engineering Sciences and Technology (pp. 1-10). Sabratha: Faculty of Engineering Sabratha. Retrieved in 2023, May 1, from https://engs.sabu.edu.ly/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/CEST02_042.pdf

73 Poletto, M. (2017). Mechanical, dynamic mechanical and morphological properties of composites based on recycled polystyrene filled with wood flour wastes. Maderas. Ciencia y Tecnología, 19(4), 433-442. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-221X2017005000301.

74 Najafi, S. K. (2013). Use of recycled plastics in wood plastic composites - a review. Waste Management, 33(9), 1898-1905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2013.05.017. PMid:23777666.

75 Moreno, D. D. P., & Saron, C. (2017). Low-density polyethylene waste/recycled wood composites. Composite Structures, 176, 1152-1157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2017.05.076.

76 Oksman, K., & Lindberg, H. (1998). Influence of thermoplastic elastomers on adhesion in polyethylene-wood flour composites. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 68(11), 1845-1855. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19980613)68:11<1845::AID-APP16>3.0.CO;2-T.

77 Cao, X. V., Ismail, H., Rashid, A. A., Takeichi, T., & Vo-Huu, T. (2012). Maleated natural rubber as a coupling agent for recycled high density polyethylene/natural rubber/kenaf powder biocomposites. Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering, 51(9), 904-910. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03602559.2012.671425.

78 Poletto, M., Dettenborn, J., Zeni, M., & Zattera, A. J. (2011). Characterization of composites based on expanded polystyrene wastes and wood flour. Waste Management, 31(4), 779-784. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2010.10.027. PMid:21172732.

79 Reichert, A. A., Sá, M. R., Silva, G. E. H., Beatrice, C. A. G., Fajardo, A. R., & Oliveira, A. D. (2020). Utilization of pineapple crown fiber and recycled polypropylene for production of sustainable composites. Journal of Renewable Materials, 8(10), 1327-1341. http://dx.doi.org/10.32604/jrm.2020.010291.

80 Prabhakaran, R. T. D., Andersen, T. L., & Lystrup, A. (2011). Influence of moisture absorption on properties of fiber reinforced polyamide 6 composites. In 26th Annual Technical Conference of the American Society for Composites 2011 and the 2nd Joint US-Canada Conference on Composites (pp. 500-510). Lancaster: DEStech Publications, Inc.

81 Chawla, K. K. (2021). Composite materials: science and engineering. New York: Springer.

82 Li, M., Pu, Y., Thomas, V. M., Yoo, C. G., Ozcan, S., Deng, Y., Nelson, K., & Ragauskas, A. J. (2020). Recent advancements of plant-based natural fiber-reinforced composites and their applications. Composites. Part B, Engineering, 200, 108254. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2020.108254.

83 Amiandamhen, S. O., Meincken, M., & Tyhoda, L. (2020). Natural fibre modification and its influence on fibre-matrix interfacial properties in biocomposite materials. Fibers and Polymers, 21(4), 677-689. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12221-020-9362-5.

84 Karim, M. R. A., Tahir, D., Haq, E. U., Hussain, A., & Malik, M. S. (2021). Natural fibres as promising environmental-friendly reinforcements for polymer composites. Polymers & Polymer Composites, 29(4), 277-300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0967391120913723.

85 Cruz, J., & Fangueiro, R. (2016). Surface modification of natural fibers: a review. Procedia Engineering, 155, 285-288. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.08.030.

86 Anbupalani, M. S., Venkatachalam, C. D., & Rathanasamy, R. (2020). Influence of coupling agent on altering the reinforcing efficiency of natural fibre-incorporated polymers - a review. Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, 39(13-14), 520-544. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0731684420918937.

87 Klyosov, A. A. (2007). Wood-plastic composites. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470165935.

88 Kim, J. K., & Pal, K. (2011). Recent advances in the processing of wood-plastic composites. Berlin: Springer. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-14877-4.

89 Yeh, S.-K., Hsieh, C.-C., Chang, H.-C., Yen, C. C. C., & Chang, Y.-C. (2015). Synergistic effect of coupling agents and fiber treatments on mechanical properties and moisture absorption of polypropylene-rice husk composites and their foam. Composites. Part A, Applied Science and Manufacturing, 68, 313-322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2014.10.019.

90 Simonsen, J., Jacobson, R., & Rowell, R. (1998). Properties of styrene-maleic anhydride copolymers containing wood-based fillers. Forest Products Journal. Retrieved in 2023, May 1, from https://www.fpl.fs.usda.gov/documnts/pdf1998/simon98a.pdf

91 Cantero, G., Arbelaiz, A., Mugika, F., Valea, A., & Mondragon, I. (2003). Mechanical behavior of wood/polypropylene composites: effects of fibre treatments and ageing processes. Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, 22(1), 37-50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0731684403022001495.

92 Marin, D., Chiarello, L. M., Gruber, G. K., Oliveira, A. D., Reichert, A. A., Vieira, K. P., Ender, L., Wiggers, V. R., & Botton, V. (2022). Influence of the use of renewable compatibility agent Wood Plastic Composite (WPC). Journal of Research Updates in Polymer Science, 11, 25-30. http://dx.doi.org/10.6000/1929-5995.2022.11.04.

93 Lei, Y., Wu, Q., Yao, F., & Xu, Y. (2007). Preparation and properties of recycled HDPE/natural fiber composites. Composites. Part A, Applied Science and Manufacturing, 38(7), 1664-1674. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2007.02.001.
 

6480b21aa953950257712a07 polimeros Articles
Links & Downloads

Polímeros: Ciência e Tecnologia

Share this page
Page Sections