Polímeros: Ciência e Tecnologia
https://revistapolimeros.org.br/article/doi/10.1590/0104-1428.20220081
Polímeros: Ciência e Tecnologia
Review Article

Potential antioxidant migration from polyethylene packaging to food: a systematic review

Mayara de Simas Mesquita; Shirley de Mello Pereira Abrantes

Downloads: 2
Views: 418

Abstract

This systematic review investigates evidence concerning antioxidant migration from polyethylene packaging to food. The review protocol was based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews guidelines. Several electronic databases were consulted for relevant studies, as well as references in eligible studies. Of the 44 eligible studies, only two did not indicate antioxidant migration. The reported migrations were influenced by numerous factors, the most important comprising the fatty contents of food and/or fat simulants, with higher fat amounts resulting in higher migration rates. Migrated antioxidant values ranged from 3.42 mg kg-1 to 231.70 mg kg-1, far above the maximum permissible amounts established by the current legislation regarding foods in contact with plastic resins.

 

 

Keywords

antioxidants, health surveillance, migration, polyethylene

References

1 Groh, K. J., Backhaus, T., Carney-Almroth, B., Geueke, B., Inostroza, P. A., Lennquist, A., Leslie, H. A., Maffini, M., Slunge, D., Trasande, L., Warhurst, A. M., & Muncke, J. (2019). Overview of known plastic packaging-associated chemicals and their hazards. The Science of the Total Environment, 651(Pt 2), 3253-3268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.015. PMid:30463173.

2 Lucchese, G. (2001). Globalização e regulação sanitária: os rumos da vigilância sanitária no Brasil (Doctoral thesis). Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública, Rio de Janeiro.

3 Fabris, S., Freire, M. T. A., & Reyes, F. G. R. (2006). Embalagens plásticas: tipos de materiais, contaminação de alimentos e aspectos de legislação. Revista Brasileira de Toxicologia, 19(2), 59-70.

4 Oliveira, W. S. (2013). Estudo do potencial de migração de materiais plásticos utilizados para fabricação de mamadeiras (Master’s dissertation). Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos, Campinas.

5 Barros, S. B. M., & Davino, S. C. (2003). Avaliação da toxicidade. In S. Oga (Ed.), Fundamentos de toxicologia (pp. 57-68). Rio de Janeiro: Editora Atheneu.

6 Brasil. Resolução da Diretoria Colegiada - RDC Nº 326/2019. (2019, December 4). Estabelece a lista positiva de aditivos destinados à elaboração de materiais plásticos e revestimentos poliméricos em contato com alimentos e dá outras providências. Diário Oficial da República Federativa do Brasil, Brasília.

7 National Health Service Centre for Reviews and Dissemination. (1996). Undertaking systematic reviews of research on effectiveness. CRD guidelines for those carrying out or commissioning reviews. York: University of York.

8 Higgins, J. P. T., & Green, S. (2011). Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions. London: The Cochrane Collaboration. Retrieved in 2023, January 25, from https://handbook-5-1.cochrane.org/

9 Morais, L. O. (2018). Embalagens para alimentos contendo nanopartículas de prata representam perigo para a população humana? Uma revisão sistemática como subsídio para ações de vigilância sanitária (Doctoral thesis). Programa de Pós-graduação em Vigilância Sanitária, Instituto Nacional de Controle de Qualidade em Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro.

10 Figge, K., Koch, J., & Freytag, W. (1978). The suitability of simulants for foodstuffs, cosmetics and pharmaceutical products in migration studies. Food and Cosmetics Toxicology, 16(2), 135-142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0015-6264(78)80193-X. PMid:669510.

11 Dopico-García, M. S., López-Vilariño, J. M., & González-Rodríguez, M. V. (2003). Determination of antioxidant migration levels from low-density polyethylene films into food simulants. Journal of Chromatography. A, 1018(1), 53-62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2003.08.025. PMid:14582626.

12 Till, D. E., Ehnlholt, D. J., Reid, R. C., Schwartz, P. S., Sidman, K. R., Schwope, A. D., & Whelan, R. H. (1982). Migration of BHT antioxidant from high density polyethylene to foods and food simulants. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Product Research and Development, 21(1), 106-113.

13 Han, J.-K., Selke, S. E., Downes, T. W., & Harte, B. R. (2003). Application of a computer model to evaluate the ability of plastics to act as functional barriers. Packaging Technology & Science, 16(3), 107-118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pts.618.

14 Figge, K., & Freytag, W. (1984). Additive migration from various plastics with different processing or properties into test fat HB 307. Food Additives and Contaminants, 1(4), 337-347. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02652038409385864. PMid:6537356.

15 Stoffers, N. H., Störmer, A., Bradley, E. L., Brandsch, R., Cooper, I., Linssen, J. P. H., & Franz, R. (2004). Feasibility study for the development of certified reference materials for specific migration testing. Part 1: initial migrant concentration and specific migration. Food Additives and Contaminants, 21(12), 1203-1216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02652030400023911. PMid:15799565.

16 Bieber, W.-D., Freytag, W., Figge, K., Vom Bruck, C. G., & Rossi, L. (1984). Transfer of aditives from plastics material sinto foodstuffs and into food simulants: a comparison. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 22(9), 737-742. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0278-6915(84)90202-3. PMid:6541627.

17 Stoffers, N. H., Brandsch, R., Bradley, E. L., Cooper, I., Dekker, M., Störmer, A., & Franz, R. (2005). Feasibility study for the development of certified reference materials for specific migration testing. Part 2: estimation of diffusion parameters and comparison of experimental and predicted data. Food Additives and Contaminants, 22(2), 173-184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02652030400028076. PMid:15864868.

18 Bieber, W.-D., Figge, K., & Koch, J. (1985). Interaction between plastics packaging materials and foodstuffs with different fat content and fat release properties. Food Additives and Contaminants, 2(2), 113-124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02652038509373533. PMid:4018317.

19 Begley, T., Castle, L., Feigenbaum, A., Franz, R., Hinrichs, K., Lickly, T., Mercea, P., Milana, M., O’ Brien, A., Rebre, S., Rijk, R., & Piringer, O. (2005). Evaluation of migration models that might be used in support of regulation for food-contact Plastics. Food Additives and Contaminants, 22(1), 73-90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02652030400028035. PMid:15895614.

20 Schwope, A. D., Till, D. E., Ehntholt, D. J., Sidman, K. R., Whelan, R. H., Schwartz, P. S., & Reid, R. C. (1987). Migration of BHT AND irganox 1010 from low-density polyethylene (LDPE) to foods and food-simulating liquids. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 25(4), 317-326. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0278-6915(87)90129-3. PMid:3583158.

21 Dopico-García, M. S., López-Vilarino, J. M., & González-Rodríguez, M. V. (2007). Antioxidant content of and migration from commercial polyethylene, polypropylene, and polyvinyl chloride packages. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 55(8), 3225-3231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf070102+. PMid:17381127.

22 Gandek, T. P., Hatton, T. A., & Reid, R. C. (1989). Batch extraction with reaction: phenolic antioxidant migration from polyolefins to water. 2. Experimental results and discussion. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 28(7), 1036-1045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie00091a024.

23 Torres-Arreola, W., Soto-Valdez, H., Peralta, E., Cardenas-Lopéz, J. L., & Ezquerra-Brauer, J. M. (2007). Effect of a low-density polyethylene film containing butylated hydroxytoluene on lipid oxidation and protein quality of Sierra fish (Scomberomorus sierra) muscle during frozen storage. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 55(15), 6140-6146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf070418h. PMid:17595103.

24 Goydan, R., Schwope, A. D., Reid, R. C., & Cramer, G. (1990). High‐temperature migration of antioxidants from polyolefins. Food Additives and Contaminants, 7(3), 323-337. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02652039009373897. PMid:2379650.

25 Jeon, D. H., Park, G. Y., Kwak, I. S., Lee, K. H. L., & Park, H. J. (2007). Antioxidants and their migration into food simulants on irradiated LLDPE film. Lebensmittel-Wissenschaft + Technologie, 40(1), 151-156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2005.05.017.

26 Ho, Y. C., Yam, K. L., Young, S. S., & Zambetti, P. F. (1994). Comparison of vitamin E, Irganox 1010 and Bht as antioxidants on release of off-flavor from Hdpe bottles. Journal of Plastic Film & Sheeting, 10(3), 194-212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/875608799401000303.

27 Vitrac, O., Mougharbel, A., & Feigenbaum, A. (2007). Interfacial mass transport properties which control the migration of packaging constituents into foodstuffs. Journal of Food Engineering, 79(3), 1048-1064. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2006.03.030.

28 Limm, W., & Hollifield, H. C. (1995). Effects of temperature and mixing on polymer adjuvant migration to corn oil and water. Food Additives and Contaminants, 12(4), 609-624. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02652039509374349. PMid:7589724.

29 Cruz, J. M., Silva, A. S., García, R. S., Franz, R., & Losada, P. P. (2008). Studies of mass transport of model chemicals from packaging into and within cheeses. Journal of Food Engineering, 87(1), 107-115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2007.11.022.

30 Yam, K. L., Ho, Y. C., Young, S. S., & Zambetti, P. F. (1996). Effect of resin types and antioxidants on release of off-flavor from HDPE bottles. Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering, 35(5), 727-755. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03602559608004057.

31 Soto-Cantú, C. D., Graciano-Verdugo, A. Z., Peralta, E., Islas-Rubio, A. R., González-Córdova, A., González-León, A., & Soto-Valdez, H. (2008). Release of butylated hydroxytoluene from an active film packaging to Asadero cheese and Its effect on oxidation and odor stability. Journal of Dairy Science, 91(1), 11-19. PMid:18096920.

32 O’Brien, A. P., Cooper, I., & Tice, P. A. (1997). Correlation of specific migration (Cf) of plastics additives with their initial concentration in the polymer (Cp). Food Additives and Contaminants, 14(6-7), 705-719. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02652039709374582. PMid:9373534.

33 Machado, M. P., Coltro, L., Pissolato, C., & Favaro, M. A. (2009). Determinação da migração específica de 3-(3,5-diter-butil-4-hidroxifenil) propionato de n-octadecila (Irganox 1076) em simulantes aquosos. In 10° Congresso Brasileiro de Polímeros (pp. 1-10). São Carlos: Associação Brasileira de Polímeros.

34 Wessling, C., Nielsen, T., Leufvén, A., & Jägerstad, M. (1998). Mobility of α‐tocopherol and BHT in LDPE in contact with fatty food simulants. Food Additives and Contaminants, 15(6), 709-715. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02652039809374701. PMid:10209582.

35 Mauricio-Iglesias, M., Jansana, S., Peyron, S., Gontard, N., & Guillard, V. (2010). Effect of high-pressure/temperature (HP/T) treatments of in-package food on additive migration from conventional and bio-sourced materials. Food Additives and Contaminants, 27(1), 118-127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19440040903268054. PMid:19809898.

36 Cooper, I., Goodson, A., & O’Brien, A. (1998). Specific migration testing with alternative fatty food simulants. Food Additives and Contaminants, 15(1), 72-78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02652039809374600. PMid:9534873.

37 Coltro, L., & Machado, M. P. (2011). Migração específica de antioxidante de embalagens plásticas para alimentos. Polímeros, 21(5), 390-397. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0104-14282011005000064.

38 Linssen, J. P. H., Reitsma, J. C. E., & Cozijnsen, J. L. (1998). Research note: migration of antioxidants from polyolefins into ethanolic simulants. Packaging Technology & Science, 11(5), 241-245.

39 Beldì, G., Pastorelli, S., Franchini, F., & Simoneau, C. (2012). Time‐ and temperature‐dependent migration studies of Irganox 1076 from plastics into foods and food simulants. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 29(5), 836-845. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2011.649304. PMid:22313384.

40 Bailey, L. A., Lin, J. F., & Giacin, J. R. (1999). The mass transfer of 3, 5-di-tertiary-butyl-4-hydroxy toluene and α-tocopherol from coextrusion film structures. Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering, 38(2), 201-219.

41 Reinas, I., Oliveira, J., Pereira, J., Machado, F., & Poças, M. F. (2012). Migration of two antioxidants from packaging into a solid food and into Tenax. Food Control, 28(2), 333-337. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.05.023.

42 O’Brien, A., Goodson, A., & Cooper, I. (1999). Polymer additive migration to foods - a direct comparison of experimental data and values calculated from migration models for high density polyethylene (HDPE). Food Additives and Contaminants, 16(9), 367-380. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/026520399283858. PMid:10755128.

43 Jakubowska, N., Beldì, G., Bach, A. P., & Simoneau, C. (2014). Optimisation of an analytical method and results from the inter-laboratory comparison of the migration of regulated substances from food packaging into the new mandatory European Union simulant for dry foodstuffs. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 31(3), 546-555. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2013.874046. PMid:24409838.

44 Wessling, C., Nielsen, T., & Giacin, J. R. (2001). Antioxidant ability of BHT- and α-tocopherol-impregnated LDPE film in packaging of oatmeal. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 81(2), 194-201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1097-0010(20010115)81:2<194::AID-JSFA801>3.0.CO;2-R.

45 Haitao, C., Ying, L., Xia, G., Weili, L., & Yunjun, L. (2015). Antioxidant BHT modelling migration from food packaging of high density polyethylene plastics into the food simulant. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 9(7), 534-538.

46 O’Brien, A., & Cooper, I. (2002). Practical experience in the use of mathematical models to predict migration of additives from food-contact polymers. Food Additives and Contaminants, 19(Suppl. 1), 63-72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10196780110082295. PMid:11962716.

47 García-Ibarra, V., Sendón, R., García-Fonte, X.-X., Losada, P. P., & Quirós, A. R. B. (2018). Migration studies of butylated hydroxytoluene, tributyl acetylcitrate and dibutyl phthalate into food simulants. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 99(4), 1586-1595. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.9337. PMid:30151848.

48 Brandsch, J., Mercea, P., Rüter, M., Tosa, V., & Piringer, O. (2002). Migration modelling as a tool for quality assurance of food packaging. Food Additives and Contaminants, 19(Suppl), 29-41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02652030110058197. PMid:11962712.

49 Rubio, L., Valverde-Som, L., Sarabia, L. A., & Ortiz, M. C. (2019). The behaviour of Tenax as food simulant in the migration of polymer additives from food contact materials by means of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and PARAFAC. Journal of Chromatography. A, 1589, 18-29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2018.12.054. PMid:30598289.

50 Feigenbaum, A., Scholler, D., Bouquant, J., Brigot, G., Ferrier, D., Franz, R., Lillemark, L., Riquet, A. M., Petersen, J. H., Van Lierop, B., & Yagoubi, N. (2002). Safety and quality of food contact materials. Part 1: evaluation of analytical strategies to introduce migration testing into good manufacturing practice. Food Additives and Contaminants, 19(2), 184-201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02652030110053002. PMid:11820501.

51 Vera, P., Canellas, E., Barknowitz, G., Goshawk, J., & Nerín, C. (2019). Ion-mobility quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry: a novel technique applied to migration of nonintentionally added substances from polyethylene films intended for use as food packaging. Analytical Chemistry, 91(20), 12741-12751. PMid:31502827.

52 Helmroth, I. E., Dekker, M., & Hankemeier, T. (2002). Influence of solvent absorption on the migration of Irganox 1076 from LDPE. Food Additives and Contaminants, 19(2), 176-183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02652030110066198. PMid:11820500.

53 Liang, R., Hu, Y., & Li, G. (2020). Monodisperse pillar[5]arene-based polymeric sub-microsphere for on-line extraction coupling with high-performance liquid chromatography to determine antioxidants in the migration of food contact materials. Journal of Chromatography. A, 1625, 461276. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461276. PMid:32709328.

54 Abrantes, S. M. P. (1998). Uso da eletroforese capilar para a determinação da migração química em alimentos em contato com embalagens (Doctoral thesis). Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Química, Rio de Janeiro.

55 Gnanasekharan, V., Floros, J. D., & Glacin, J. R. (1997). Migration and sorption phenomena in packaged foods. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 37(6), 519-559. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10408399709527788. PMid:9404993.

56 Baner, A., Bieber, W., Figge, K., Franz, R., & Piringer, O. (1992). Alternative fatty food simulants for migration testing of polymeric food contact materials. Food Additives and Contaminants, 9(2), 137-148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02652039209374056. PMid:1499771.

57 European Commission. (2011). Commission Regulation (EU) no 10/2011 of 14 January 2011 on plastic materials and articles intended to come into contact with food Text with EEA relevance. Luxembourg: Official Journal of the European Union.

58 U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (1995). Recommendations for chemistry data for indirect food additive petitions. Silver Spring: U.S. Food and Drug Administration.

59 Pop, A., Kiss, B., & Loghin, F. (2013). Endocrine disrupting effects of butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA - E320). Clujul Medical, 86(1), 16-20. PMid:26527908.

60 Van Battum, D., Rijk, M. A. H., Verspoor, R., & Rossi, L. (1982). Draft eec method for the determination of the global migration of plastics constituents into fatty-food simulants: applicability to lacquers, plastics and laminates. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 20(6), 955-959. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0015-6264(82)80236-8. PMid:6891682.

61 Brasil. Resolução da Diretoria Colegiada - RDC nº51/2010. (2010, November 30). Dispõe sobre migração em materiais, embalagens e equipamentos plásticos destinados a entrar em contato com alimentos. Diário Oficial da República Federativa do Brasil, Brasília.
 

64340dafa953954f2047c724 polimeros Articles
Links & Downloads

Polímeros: Ciência e Tecnologia

Share this page
Page Sections