Polímeros: Ciência e Tecnologia
https://revistapolimeros.org.br/article/doi/10.1590/0104-1428.20220051
Polímeros: Ciência e Tecnologia
Original Article

Effects of replacing Carbon Black with Wood Fibers in wood-rubber composites

Renan Zunta Raia; Setsuo Iwakiri; Rosilani Trianoski; Alan Sulato de Andrade; Edemir Luiz Kowalski; Aldo Eloizo Job; Fábio Friol Guedes de Paiva

Downloads: 3
Views: 550

Abstract

The objective of this research was to develop a more sustainable composite and still keep its characteristics. Fibers treated with NaOH at 5% w/w for 2 hours were incorporated into natural rubber in different proportions (0 phr, 24 phr, 36 phr, 48 phr and 60 phr). The mechanical properties of the composites suffered changes, increasing the hardness, young’s modulus and decreasing its tensile strength. All the physical properties were not statistically different. The coloration became less dark in the WF60/CB0 treatment, and the electrical properties presented better resistivity with the increase in the concentration of fibers in the composite. This presents a possibility of using WF for the production of wood-rubber composites for the production of rubber artifacts which do not require high rolling resistance. Based on the results from this research, we recommended the WF24/CB36 mix to produce antistatic floors.

 

 

Keywords

carbon black, composite, composite properties, natural rubber, wood fibers

References

1 Callister, W. D. Jr, & Rethwisch, D. R. (2015). Fundamentals of materials science and engineering. USA: Wiley.

2 Ibrahim, I. D., Jamiru, T., Sadiku, R. E., Kupolati, W. K., Agwuncha, S. C., & Ekundayo, G. (2015). The use of polypropylene in bamboo fibre composites and their mechanical properties - A review. Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, 34(16), 1347-1356. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0731684415591302.

3 Yang, Y., Boom, R., Irion, B., van Heerden, D.-J., Kuiper, P., & de Wit, H. (2012). Recycling of composite materials. Chemical Engineering and Processing, 51, 53-68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cep.2011.09.007.

4 Bokobza, L. (2004). The reinforcement of elastomeric networks by fillers. Macromolecular Materials and Engineering, 289(7), 607-621. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mame.200400034.

5 Lee, A. K. Y., Chen, C.-L., Liu, J., Price, D. J., Betha, R., Russell, L. M., Zhang, X., & Cappa, C. D. (2017). Formation of secondary organic aerosol coating on black carbon particles near vehicular emissions. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 17(24), 15055-15067. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-15055-2017.

6 Dominic, M., Joseph, R., Sabura Begum, P. M., Kanoth, B. P., Chandra, J., & Thomas, S. (2020). Green tire technology: effect of rice husk derived nanocellulose (RHNC) in replacing carbon black (CB) in natural rubber (NR) compounding. Carbohydrate Polymers, 230, 115620. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115620. PMid:31887961.

7 Jawaid, M., Sapuan, S. M., & Alothman, O. Y., editors (2017). Green biocomposites: manufacturing and properties. Switzerland: Springer.

8 Hodzic, A., & Shanks, R., editors (2014). Natural fibre composites: materials, processes and properties. UK: Woodhead Publishing.

9 Khongwong, W., Keawprak, N., Somwongsa, P., Tattaporn, D., & Ngernchuklin, P. (2019). Effect of alternative fillers on the properties of rubber compounds. Key Engineering Materials, 758, 316-321. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.798.316.

10 Paiva, F. F. G., Maria, V. P. K., Torres, G. B., Dognani, G., Santos, R. J., Cabrera, F. C., & Job, A. E. (2019). Sugarcane bagasse fiber as semi-reinforcement filler in natural rubber composite sandals. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, 21(2), 326-335. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10163-018-0801-y.

11 Correia, C. A., & Valera, T. S. (2019). Cellulose nanocrystals and jute fiber-reinforced natural rubber composites: cure characteristics and mechanical properties. Materials Research, 22(suppl. 1), e20190192. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1980-5373-mr-2019-0192.

12 Flory, P. J., & Rehner, J., Jr. (1943). Statistical mechanics of cross-linked polymer networks II. Swelling. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 11(11), 521-526. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1723792.

13 Nor, N. A. M., & Othman, N. (2016). Effect of filler loading on curing characteristic and tensile properties of palygorskite natural rubber nanocomposites. Procedia Chemistry, 19, 351-358. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proche.2016.03.023.

14 Pinto, P. R., Nascimento, Z. C., & Sirqueira, A. S. (2019). Misturas elastoméricas de sbr/borracha nitrílica carboxilada compatibilizadas com poliacroleína. The Journal of Engineering and Exact Sciences, 5(1), 0037-0042. http://dx.doi.org/10.18540/jcecvl5iss1pp0037-0042.

15 Wang, J., & Chen, D. (2013). Mechanical properties of natural rubber nanocomposites filled with thermally treated attapulgite. Journal of Nanomaterials, 496584, 1-11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/496584.

16 Cottet, L., Baldissarelli, V. Z., Benetoli, L. O. B., & Debacher, N. A. (2014). Hydrogen and carbon black production from the degradation of methane by thermal plasma. Semina. Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, 35(1), 103-114. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0375.2014v35n1p103.

17 González, N., Custal, M. D. A., Lalaouna, S., Riba, J.-R., & Armelin, E. (2016). Improvement of dielectric properties of natural rubber by adding perovskite nanoparticles. European Polymer Journal, 75, 210-222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2015.12.023.

18 Chaowamalee, S., & Ngamcharussrivichai, C. (2019). Facile fabrication of mesostructured natural rubber/silica nanocomposites with enhanced thermal stability and hydrophobicity. Nanoscale Research Letters, 14(1), 382. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s11671-019-3197-2. PMid:31848825.

19 Oboh, J. O., Okafor, J. O., Kovo, A. S., & Abdulrahman, A. S. (2019). Thermal and water absorption characteristics of rubber composites reinforced with different plant biomass. Journal of Science Technology and Education, 7(4), 172-179.

20 Garing, C. L., & Pajarito, B. B. (2020). Effect of clay loading on the water resistance of ternary-filled natural rubber composites. Materials Today: Proceedings, 33(Pt 4), 1959-1962. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.06.076.

21 Abraham, E., Thomas, M. S., John, C., Pothen, L. A., Shoseyov, O., & Thomas, S. (2013). Green nanocomposites of natural rubber/nanocellulose: membrane transport, rheological and thermal degradation characterizations. Industrial Crops and Products, 51, 415-424. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2013.09.022.

22 Kuburi, L. S., Dauda, M., Obada, D. O., Umaru, S., Dodoo-Arhin, D., Iliyasu, I., Balogun, M. B., & Mustapha, S. (2017). Effects of coir fibber loading on the physio-mechanical and morphological properties of coconut shell powder filled low density polyethylene composites. Procedia Manufacturing, 7, 138-144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2016.12.036.

23 Trakuldee, J., & Boonkerd, K. (2017). Effect of filler water absorption on water swelling properties of natural rubber. IOP Conference Series. Materials Science and Engineering, 223, 012007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/223/1/012007.

24 Che, W. M., Teh, P. L., Yeoh, C. K., & Jalilah, A. J. (2019). The effect of graphene loading on natural rubber latex/graphene stretchable conductive material. IOP Conference Series. Materials Science and Engineering, 670(1), 012041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/670/1/012041.

25 Sawangpet, K., Walong, A., Thongnuanchan, B., Kaesaman, A., Sakai, T., & Lopattananon, N. (2020). Foaming and physical properties, flame retardancy, and combustibility of polyethylene octene foams modified by natural rubber and expandable graphite. Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology, 26(4), 423-433. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vnl.21757.

26 Ekwueme, C. C., Igwe, I. O., & Vivian, A. O. (2019). End-use properties of pineapple leaf fibre filled natural Rubber. Journal of Minerals & Materials Characterization & Engineering, 7(6), 435-445. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jmmce.2019.76030.

27 Ruiz, M. R., Cabreira, P. L. S., Budemberg, E. R., Reis, E. A. P., Bellucci, F. S., & Job, A. E. (2016). Chemical evaluation of composites natural rubber/carbon black/leather tannery projected to antistatic flooring. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 133(27), 43618. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.43618.

28 Masłowski, M., Miedzianowska, J., & Strzelec, K. (2019). Silanized cereal straw as a novel, functional filler of natural rubber biocomposites. Cellulose (London, England), 26(2), 1025-1040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10570-018-2093-8.

29 Al-Nesrawy, S. H., Al-Maamori, M., & Jappor, H. R. (2016). Effect of temperature on rheological properties of sbr compounds reinforced by some industrial scraps as a filler. International Journal of Chemical Science, 14(3), 1285-1295. Retrieved in 2022, September 19, from https://www.tsijournals.com/articles/effect-of-temperature-on-rheological-properties-of-sbr-compounds-reinforced-by-some-industrial-scraps-as-a-filler.pdf

30 Rao, S., Devi, S. N. S., Johns, A., Kalkornsurapranee, E., Sham Aan, M. P., & Johns, J. (2016). Mechanical and thermal properties of carbon black reinforced natural rubber/polyvinyl alcohol fully-interpenetrating polymer networks. Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology, 24(S1), E21-E29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vnl.21560.

31 Yu, P., He, H., Jia, J., Tian, S., Chen, J., Jia, D., & Luo, Y. (2016). A comprehensive study on lignin as a green alternative of silica in natural rubber composites. Polymer Testing, 54, 176-185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2016.07.014.

32 Prukkaewkanjana, K., Thanawan, S., & Amornsakchai, T. (2015). High performance hybrid reinforcement of nitrile rubber using short pineapple leaf fiber and carbon black. Polymer Testing, 45, 76-82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2015.05.004.

33 Wisittanawat, U., Thanawan, S., & Amornsakchai, T. (2014). Remarkable improvement of failure strain of preferentially aligned short pineapple leaf fiber reinforced nitrile rubber composites with silica hybridization. Polymer Testing, 38, 91-99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2014.07.006.

34 Mariano, M., El Kissi, N., & Dufresne, A. (2016). Cellulose nanocrystal reinforced oxidized natural rubber nanocomposites. Carbohydrate Polymers, 137, 174-183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.10.027. PMid:26686118.

35 Dall’Antonia, A. C., Martins, M. A., Moreno, R. M. B., Mattoso, L. H. C., Gonçalves, P. S., & Job, A. E. (2006). Caracterização mecânica e térmica da borracha natural formulada e vulcanizada dos clones: GT 1, IAN 873, PB 235 e RRIM 600. Polímeros: Ciência e Tecnologia, 19(1), 63-71. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-14282009000100015.

36 Li, K., You, J., Liu, Y., Zhu, K., Xue, C., Guo, X., Wang, Z., & Zhang, Y. (2020). Functionalized starch as a novel eco-friendly vulcanization accelerator enhancing mechanical properties of natural rubber. Carbohydrate Polymers, 231, 115705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115705. PMid:31888836.

37 Oliveira, F. A., Alves, N., Giacometti, J. A., Constantino, C. J. L., Mattoso, L. H., Balan, A. M. O. A., & Job, A. E. (2007). Study of the thermomechanical and electrical properties of conducting composites containing natural rubber and carbon black. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 106(2), 1001-1006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.26689.

38 Dognani, G. (2016). Eletrofiação de fibras de borracha natural com adição de polianilina (Dissertação de mestrado). Universidade Estadual Paulista, Presidente Prudente.

39 Su, J., & Li, C. H. (2017). Preparation and properties of ethylene propylene diene rubber/SiO2/carbon nanotubes composites. Advanced Materials Research, 1142, 201-205. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.1142.201.

40 Job, A. E., Herrmann, P. S. P. Jr., Vaz, D. O., & Mattoso, L. H. C. (2001). Comparison between different conditions of the chemical polymerization of polyaniline on top of PET films. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 79(7), 1220-1229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1097-4628(20010214)79:7<1220::AID-APP90>3.0.CO;2-3.

41 Yoo, J. E., Cross, J. L., Bucholz, T. L., Lee, K. S., Espe, M. P., & Loo, Y.-L. (2007). Improving the electrical conductivity of polymer acid-doped polyaniline by controlling the template molecular weight. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 17(13), 1268-1275. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b618521e.

42 Cena, C. R., Malmonge, L. F., & Malmonge, J. A. (2016). Layer-by-layer thin films of polyaniline alternated with natural rubber and their potential application as a chemical sensor. Journal of Polymer Research, 24(1), 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10965-016-1170-7.

43 Malmonge, L. F., Langiano, S. C., Cordeiro, J. M. M., Mattoso, L. H. C., & Malmonge, J. A. (2010). Thermal and mechanical properties of PVDF/PANI blends. Materials Research, 13(4), 465-470. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1516-14392010000400007.

44 Vieira-Junior, W.-F., Vieira, I., Ambrosano, G.-M.-B., Aguiar, F.-H.-B., & Lima, D.-A.-N.-L. (2018). Correlation between alteration of enamel roughness and tooth color. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Dentistry, 10(8), e815-e820. http://dx.doi.org/10.4317/jced.54881. PMid:30305882.
 

64808731a953956d7c333c63 polimeros Articles
Links & Downloads

Polímeros: Ciência e Tecnologia

Share this page
Page Sections