Polímeros: Ciência e Tecnologia
https://revistapolimeros.org.br/article/doi/10.1590/0104-1428.20210031
Polímeros: Ciência e Tecnologia
Original Article

Bioplastic composed of starch and micro-cellulose from waste mango: mechanical properties and biodegradation

Rodolfo Rendón-Villalobos; Miguel Angel Lorenzo-Santiago; Roberto Olvera-Guerra; César Arnulfo Trujillo-Hernández

Downloads: 1
Views: 700

Abstract

Waste mango was used to obtain starch and micro-cellulose for the production of bioplastic. Three different formulations were made: positive control or cotyledon starch/glycerol; SC1 or cotyledon starch/glycerol and cellulose at 0.1% and SC5 or cotyledon starch/glycerol and cellulose at 0.5% w/w. The bioplastics were mechanically analyzed (tensile strength, elongation and Young´s modulus) and, aerobic biodegradation analysis was realized with a standard test method based on the amount of material carbon converted to CO2. The mechanical tests indicated that with the addition of cellulose, the bioplastics improved their mechanical properties. The biodegradation at 30 days showed 93 and 94% for SC1 and SC5. Therefore, the biodegradation of bioplastics depends on both, the addition of cellulose and the environment where they are placed (e.g., soil characteristics: pH level, C:N ratio, moisture). These bioplastics offer new opportunities for fast degrading biomaterials in agricultural applications (padding and protection bags).

 

 

Keywords

bioplastic, cellulose, cotyledon starch, biodegradation, mechanical tests

References

1 Andrady, A. L., & Neal, M. A. (2009). Applications and societal benefits of plastics. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, 364(1526), 1977-1984. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2008.0304. PMid:19528050.

2 Thompson, R. C., Moore, C. J., vom Saal, F. S., & Swan, S. H. (2009). Plastics, the environment and human health: current consensus and future trends. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, 364(1526), 2153-2166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2009.0053. PMid:19528062.

3 Chasib, K. F., & Kadhim, B. M. (2019). Prediction of the behavior for polymer blends using thermodynamic model. Recent Advances in Petrochemical Science, 6(5), 555699.

4 O’Brine, T., & Thompson, R. C. (2010). Degradation of plastic carrier bags in the marine environment. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 60(12), 2279-2283. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2010.08.005. PMid:20961585.

5 Webb, H. K., Arnott, J., Crawford, R. J., & Ivanova, E. P. (2012). Plastic degradation and its environmental implications with special reference to poly (ethylene terephthalate). Polymers, 5(1), 1-18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym5010001.

6 Das, O., Sarmah, A. K., & Bhattacharyya, D. A. (2015). A sustainable and resilient approach through biochar addition in wood polymer composites. The Science of the Total Environment, 512-513, 326-336. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.01.063. PMid:25634737.

7 Geyer, R., Jambeck, J. R., & Law, K. L. (2017). Production, use and fate of all plastics ever made. Science Advances, 3(7), e1700782. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1700782. PMid:28776036.

8 Brebu, M. (2020). Environmental degradation of plastics composites with natural fillers: a review. Polymers, 12(1), 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12010166. PMid:31936374.

9 Jiang, T., Duan, Q., Zhu, J., Liu, H., & Yu, L. (2020). Starch-based biodegradable materials: challenges and opportunities. Advanced Industrial and Engineering Polymer Research, 3(1), 8-18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aiepr.2019.11.003.

10 Brandelero, R. P. H., Grossmann, M. V. E., & Yamashita, F. (2011). Effect of the method of production of the blends on mechanical and structural properties of biodegradable starch films produced by blown extrusion. Carbohydrate Polymers, 86(3), 1344-1350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.06.045.

11 Polnaya, F. J., Talahatu, J., Haryadi, & Marseno, D. W. (2012). Properties of biodegradable films from hydroxypropyl sago starches. Asian Journal of Food and Agro-Industry, 5(3), 183-192. Retrieved in 2021, April 23, from https://www.ajofai.info/Abstract/Properties%20of%20biodegradable%20films%20from%20hydroxypropyl%20sago%20starches.pdf

12 Jiménez, A., Fabra, M. J., Talens, P., & Chiralt, A. (2012). Edible and biodegradable starch films: a review. Food and Bioprocess Technology, 5(6), 2058-2076. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11947-012-0835-4.

13 Yu, L., & Christie, G. (2005). Microstructure and mechanical properties of orientated thermoplastic starches. Journal of Materials Science, 40(1), 111-116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-005-5694-1.

14 Yu, L., Dean, K., & Li, L. (2006). Polymer blends and composites from renewable resources. Progress in Polymer Science, 31(6), 576-602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2006.03.002.

15 Adamcová, D., Zloch, J., Brtnický, M., & Vaverková, M. D. (2019). Biodegradation/desintegration of selected range of polymers: impact on the compost quality. Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 27(4), 892-899. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10924-019-01393-3.

16 Seung, D. (2020). Amylose in starch: towards an understanding of biosynthesis, structure and function. The New Phytologist, 228(5), 1490-1504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nph.16858. PMid:32767769.

17 Bertoft, E. (2017). Understanding starch structure: recent progress. Agronomy, 7(3), 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy7030056.

18 Mali, S., Grossmann, M. V. E., García, M. A., Martino, M. N., & Zaritzky, N. E. (2005). Mechanical and thermal properties of yam starch films. Food Hydrocolloids, 19(1), 157-164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2004.05.002.

19 Bae, H. J., Cha, D. S., Whiteside, W. S., & Park, H. J. (2008). Film and pharmaceutical hard capsule formation properties of mungbean, waterchestnut and sweet potato starches. Food Chemistry, 106(1), 96-105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.05.070.

20 Lopez-Flores, Y. A., Ramirez-Balboa, G., Balois-Morales, R., Bautista-Rosales, P. U., Lopez-Guzmán, G., & Bello-Lara, J. E. (2020). Caracterización fisicoquímica y funcional de almidón extraídos de frutos de mango ‘Tommy atkins’ del estado de Nayarit. Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos, 5, 694-699. Retrieved in 2021, April 23, from http://www.fcb.uanl.mx/IDCyTA/files/volume5/5/10/136.pdf

21 Mexico. Servicio de Información Agroalimentaria y Pesquera – SIAP. (2020). Panorama agroalimentario 2020. Mexico: SIAP. Retrieved in 2021, April 23, from https://nube.siap.gob.mx/gobmx_publicaciones_siap/pag/2020/Atlas-Agroalimentario-2020

22 Bubpachat, T., Sombatsompop, N., & Prapagdee, B. (2018). Isolation and role of polylactic acid-degrading bacteria on degrading enzymes productions and PLA biodegradability at mesophilic conditions. Polymer Degradation & Stability, 152, 75-85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.03.023.

23 Szumigaj, J., Żakowska, Z., Klimek, L., Rosicka-Kaczmarek, J., & Bartkowiak, A. (2008). Assessment of polylactide foil degradation as a result of filamentous fungi activity. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 17(3), 335-341. Retrieved in 2021, April 23, from pjoes.com/pdf-88112-21970?filename=Assessment%20of%20Polylactide.pdf

24 International Organization for Standardization – ISO. (2012). ISO 17088:2012: specifications for compostable plastics. Switzerland: ISO.

25 Béguin, P., & Aubert, J.-P. (1994). The biological degradation of cellulose. FEMS Microbiology Reviews, 13(1), 25-58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6976.1994.tb00033.x. PMid:8117466.

26 Samir, M. A. S. A., Alloin, F., & Dufresne, A. (2005). Review of recent research into cellulosic whiskers, their properties and their application in nanocomposite field. Biomacromolecules, 6(2), 612-626. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bm0493685. PMid:15762621.

27 Brigham, C. (2018). Biopolymers: biodegradable alternatives to traditional plastics. In B. Török, & T. Dransfield (Eds.), Green chemistry: an inclusive approach (pp. 753-770). USA: Elsevier Inc. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-809270-5.00027-3.

28 Kabir, M. M., Wang, H., Lau, K. T., & Cardona, F. (2012). Chemical treatments on plant-based natural fibre reinforced polymer composites: an overview. Composites. Part B, Engineering, 43(7), 2883-2892. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2012.04.053.

29 Argüello-García, E., Solorza-Feria, J., Rendón-Villalobos, J. R., Rodríguez-González, F., Jiménez-Pérez, A., & Flores-Huicochea, E. (2014). Properties of edible films based on oxidized starch and zein. International Journal of Polymer Science, 2014, 292404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/292404.

30 Cordeiro, E. M. S., Nunes, Y. L., Mattos, A. L., Rosa, M. F., Sousa, M. S. M., Fo., & Ito, E. N. (2014). Polymer biocomposites and nanobiocomposites obtained from mango seeds. Macromolecular Symposia, 344(1), 39-54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/masy.201300217.

31 Gilbert, G. A., & Spragg, S. P. (1964). Iodometric determination of amylose. In R. I. Whistler (Ed.), Methods in carbohydrate chemistry (pp. 168-169). USA: Academic Press.

32 Salgado-Delgado, R., Coria-Cortés, L., García-Hernández, E., Galarza, Z. V., Rubio-Rosas, E., & Crispín-Espino, I. (2010). Elaboración de materiales reforzados con carácter biodegradable a partir de polietileno de baja densidad y bagazo de caña modificado. Revista Iberoamericana de Polímeros, 11(7), 520-531. Retrieved in 2021, April 23, from https://reviberpol.files.wordpress.com/2019/07/2010-salgado.pdf

33 Orts, W. J., Shey, J., Imam, S. H., Glenn, G. M., Guttman, M. E., & Revol, J.-F. (2005). Application of cellulose microfibrils in polymer nanocomposites. Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 13(4), 301-306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10924-005-5514-3.

34 Szymańska-Chargot, M., Cieśla, J., Chylińska, M., Gdula, K., Pieczywek, P. M., Koziol, A., Cieślak, K. J., & Zdunek, A. (2018). Effect of ultrasonication on physicochemical properties of apple based nanocellulose-calcium carbonate composites. Cellulose, 25(8), 4603-4621. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10570-018-1900-6.

35 Kasuga, T., Isobe, N., Yagyu, H., Koga, H., & Nogi, M. (2018). Clearly transparent nanopaper from highly concentrated cellulose nanofiber dispersion using dilution and sonication. Nanomaterials, 8(2), 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano8020104. PMid:29439544.

36 Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry – TAPP. (2007). T 204 cm-97: solvent extractives of wood and pulp (Proposed revision of T 204 cm-97) (Underscores and strikethroughs indicate changes from Draft 1). Atlanta: TAPPI.

37 Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry – TAPP. (2006). T 222 om-06: acid-insoluble lignin in wood and pulp (Reaffirmation of T 222 om-02). Atlanta: TAPPI.

38 Haykiri-Acma, H., Yaman, S., Alkan, M., & Kucukbayrak, S. (2014). Mineralogical characterization of chemically isolated ingredients from biomass. Energy Conversion and Management, 77, 221-226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2013.09.024.

39 Waliszewska, B., Mleczek, M., Zborowska, M., Goliński, P., Rutkowski, P., & Szentner, K. (2019). Changes in the chemical composition and the structure of cellulose and lignin in elm wood exposed to various forms of arsenic. Cellulose (London, England), 26(10), 6303-6315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10570-019-02511-z.

40 Pranoto, Y., Lee, C. M., & Park, H. J. (2007). Characterizations of fish gelatin films added with gellan and κ- carrageenan. Lebensmittel-Wissenschaft + Technologie, 40(5), 766-774. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2006.04.005.

41 American Society for Testing and Materials – ASTM. (2012). ASTM D5988-12: standard test method for determining aerobic biodegradation of plastic materials in soil. West Conshohocken: ASTM International. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/D5988-12.

42 Rudnik, E., & Briassoulis, D. (2011). Degradation behavior of poly (lactic acid) films and fibers in soil under Mediterranean field conditions and laboratory simulations testing. Industrial Crops and Products, 33(3), 648-658. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2010.12.031.

43 Xu, Y., Miladinov, V., & Hanna, M. A. (2004). Synthesis and characterization of starch acetates with high substitution. Cereal Chemistry, 81(6), 735-740. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/CCHEM.2004.81.6.735.

44 Rendón-Villalobos, R., García-Hernández, E., Güizado-Rodríguez, M., Salgado Delgado, R., & Rangel-Vázquez, N. A. (2010). Obtención y caracterización de almidón de plátano (Musa paradisiaca L.) acetilado a diferentes grados de sustitución. Afinidad, 67(548), 294-300. Retrieved in 2021, April 23, from https://raco.cat/index.php/afinidad/article/view/269205/356773

45 American Society for Testing and Materials – ASTM. (2002). ASTM D882-02: standard test method for tensile properties of thin plastic sheeting. West Conshohocken: ASTM International. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/D0882-02.

46 Kaur, M., Singh, N., Sandhu, K. S., & Guraya, H. S. (2004). Physicochemical, morphological, thermal and rheological properties of starches separated from kernels of some Indian mango cultivars (Mangifera indica L.). Food Chemistry, 85(1), 131-140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2003.06.013.

47 Rodrigues, A. A. M., Santos, L. F., Costa, R. R., Félix, D. T., Nascimento, J. H. B., & Lima, M. A. C. (2020). Characterization of starch from different non-traditional sources and its application as coating in ‘Palmer’ mango fruit. Ciência e Agrotecnologia, 44, e011220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1413-7054202044011220.

48 Gutiérrez, C., Rivera, Y., Gómez, R., Bastidas, V., & Izaguirre, C. (2015). Extraction and characterization of fat and starch kernel mango variety Alphonso (Mangifera indica L). Revista de la Facultad de Farmacia, 57(2), 33-42. Retrieved in 2021, April 23, from http://www.saber.ula.ve/handle/123456789/42003

49 Morrison, W. R., & Azudin, M. N. (1987). Variation in the amylose and lipid contents and some physical properties of rice starches. Journal of Cereal Science, 5(1), 35-44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0733-5210(87)80007-3.

50 Gao, H., Cai, J., Han, W., Huai, H., Chen, Y., & Wei, C. (2014). Comparison of starches isolated from three different Trapa species. Food Hydrocolloids, 37, 174-181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2013.11.001.

51 Pérez, S., & Bertoft, E. (2010). The molecular structures of starch components and their contribution to the architecture of starch granules: a comprehensive review. Stärke, 62(8), 389-420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/star.201000013.

52 Zhu, F. (2016). Structure, properties, and applications of aroid starch. Food Hydrocolloids, 52, 378-392. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2015.06.023.

53 Guzmán, O., Lemus, C., Burgarin, J., Bonilla, J., & Ly, J. (2013). Composition and chemical characteristics of mangoes (Mangifera indica L.) for animal feeding in Nayarit, Mexico. Canadian Journal of Agricultural Science, 47(3), 273-277. Retrieved in 2021, April 23, from https://www.cjascience.com/index.php/CJAS/article/view/353

54 Couto, C. C. C., Fo., Silva, J. C., Fo., Neiva, A. P., Jr., Souza, R. M., Nunes, J. A. R., & Coelho, J. V. (2010). Fibrous fractions of mango residue silage with additives. Ciência e Agrotecnologia, 34(3), 751-757. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-70542010000300031.

55 Cock, L. S., & León, C. T. (2010). Agro industrial potential of peels of mango (Mangifera indica) Keitt and Tommy Atkins. Acta Agronomica, 64(2), 110-115. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/acag.v64n2.43579.

56 Balza, M., Garrido, E., García, M., Martínez, J., & García, A. (2017). Chemical characterization of the cellular wall of mango bocado pulp. Revista Agrollanía, 14, 7-13.

57 Duan, W., Liu, Z., Liu, P., & Hui, L. (2018). Estimation of acid-hydrolyzed cellulose fiber size distribution with exponential and Rosin-Rammler (R-R) laws. BioResources, 13(4), 7792-7804. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.13.4.7792-7804.

58 Summerscales, J., Dissanayake, N. P. J., Virk, A. S., & Hall, W. (2010). A review of bast fibres and their composition. Part 1. Fibres as reinforcements. Composites. Part A, Applied Science and Manufacturing, 41(10), 1329-1335. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2010.06.001.

59 Musa, A., Ahmad, M. B., Hussein, M. Z., & Izham, S. M. (2017). Acid hydrolysis-mediated preparation of nanocrystalline cellulose from rice straw. International Journal of Nanomaterials, Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine, 3(2), 51-56.

60 Sun, J. X., Xu, F., Sun, X. F., Xiao, B., & Sun, R. C. (2005). Physico-chemical and thermal characterization of cellulose from barley straw. Polymer Degradation & Stability, 88(3), 521-531. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2004.12.013.

61 Sain, M., & Panthapulakkal, S. (2006). Bioprocess preparation of wheat straw fibres and their characterization. Industrial Crops and Products, 23(1), 1-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2005.01.006.

62 Sgriccia, N., Hawley, M. C., & Misra, M. (2008). Characterization of natural fiber surfaces and natural fiber composites. Composites. Part A, Applied Science and Manufacturing, 39(10), 1632-1637. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2008.07.007.

63 Heredia-Guerrero, J. A., Benítez, J. J., Domínguez, E., Bayer, I. S., Cingolani, R., Athanassiou, A., & Heredia, A. (2014). Infrared and Raman spectroscopic features of plant cuticles: a review. Frontiers in Plant Science, 5, 305. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2014.00305. PMid:25009549.

64 Yang, H., Yan, R., Chen, H., Lee, D. H., & Zheng, C. (2007). Characteristics of hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin pyrolysis. Fuel, 86(12-13), 1781-1788. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2006.12.013.

65 Cael, J. J., Koenig, J. L., & Blackwell, J. (1973). Infrared and raman spectroscopy of carbohydrates: Part III: raman spectra of the polymorphic forms of amylose. Carbohydrate Research, 29(1), 123-134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0008-6215(00)82075-3. PMid:4751262.

66 Kizil, R., Irudayaraj, J., & Seetharaman, K. (2002). Characterization of irradiated starches by using FT-Raman and FTIR spectroscopy. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 50(14), 3912-3918. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf011652p. PMid:12083858.

67 Jordan, J., Jacob, K. I., Tannenbaum, R., Sharaf, M. A., & Jasiuk, I. (2005). Experimental trends in polymer nanocomposites: a review. Materials Science and Engineering A, 393(1-2), 1-11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2004.09.044.

68 Müller, C. M. O., Laurindo, J. B., & Yamashita, F. (2009). Effect of cellulose fibers on the crystallinity and mechanical properties of starch-based films at different relative humidity values. Carbohydrate Polymers, 77(2), 293-299. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2008.12.030.

69 Prachayawarakorn, J., Sangnitidej, P., & Boonpasith, P. (2010). Properties of thermoplastic rice starch composites reinforced by cotton fiber or low-density polyethylene. Carbohydrate Polymers, 81(2), 425-433. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.02.041.

70 Sudharsan, K., Mohan, C. C., Babu, P. A. S., Archana, G., Sabina, K., Sivarajan, M., & Sukumar, M. (2016). Production and characterization of cellulose reinforced starch (CRT) films. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 83, 385-395. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.11.037. PMid:26592701.

71 Nikmatin, S., Syafiuddin, A., Hong Kueh, A. B., & Maddu, A. (2017). Physical, thermal, and mechanical properties of polypropylene composites filled with rattan nanoparticles. Journal of Applied Research and Technology, 15(4), 386-395. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jart.2017.03.008.

72 Chee, C. Y., Song, N. L., Abdullah, L. C., Choong, T. S. Y., Ibrahim, A., & Chantara, T. R. (2012). Characterization of mechanical properties: low-density polyethylene nanocomposite using nanoalumina particle as filler. Journal of Nanomaterials, 2012, 215978. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/215978.

73 Hornung, P. S., Ávila, S., Masisi, K., Malunga, L. N., Lazzarotto, M., Schnitzler, E., Ribani, R. H., & Beta, T. (2018). Green development of biodegradable films based on native yam (Dioscoreaceae) starch mixtures. Stärke, 70(5-6), 1700234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/star.201700234.

74 Velasquez, D., Pavon-Djavid, G., Chaunier, L., Meddahi-Pellé, A., & Lourdin, D. (2015). Effect of crystallinity and plasticizer on mechanical properties and tissue integration of starch-based materials from two botanical origins. Carbohydrate Polymers, 124, 180-187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.02.006. PMid:25839809.

75 Hirpara, N. J., & Dabhi, M. N. (2021). A review on effect of amylose/amylopectin, lipid and relative humidity on starch based biodegradable films. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 10(4), 500-531. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2021.1004.051.

76 Ostadi, H., Hakimabadi, S. G., Nabavi, F., Vossoughi, M., & Alemzadeh, I. (2020). Enzymatic and soil burial degradation of corn starch/glycerol/sodium montmorillonite nanocpmposites. Polymers from Renewable Resources, 11(1-2), 15-29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2041247920952649.

77 Zuo, G., Song, X., Chen, F., & Shen, Z. (2019). Physical and structural characterization of edible bilayer films made with zein and corn-wheat starch. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences, 18(3), 324-331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jssas.2017.09.005.

78 Kalka, S., Huber, T., Steinberg, J., Baronian, K., Müssig, J., & Staiger, M. P. (2014). Biodegradability of all-cellulose composite laminates. Composites. Part A, Applied Science and Manufacturing, 59, 37-44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2013.12.012.

79 Arias-Villamizar, C. A., & Vázquez-Morillas, A. (2018). Degradation of conventional and oxodegradable high density polyethylene in tropical aqueous and outdoor environments. Revista Internacional de Contaminación Ambiental, 34(1), 137-147. http://dx.doi.org/10.20937/RICA.2018.34.01.12.

80 Meereboer, K. W., Misra, M., & Mohanty, A. K. (2020). Review of recent advances in the biodegradability of polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) bioplastic and their composites. Green Chemistry, 22(17), 5519-5558. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/D0GC01647K.

81 Gu, J.-D. (2003). Microbiological deterioration and degradation of synthetic polymeric materials: recent research advances. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 52(2), 69-91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0964-8305(02)00177-4.

82 Ruggero, F., Onderwater, R. C. A., Carretti, E., Roosa, S., Benali, S., Raquez, J.-M., Gori, R., Lubello, C., & Wattiez, R. (2021). Degradation of film and rigid bioplastics during the thermophilic phase and the maturation phase of simulated composting. Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 29(9), 3015-3028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10924-021-02098-2.

83 Folino, A., Karageorgiou, A., Calabrò, P. S., & Komilis, D. (2020). Biodegradation of wasted bioplastics in natural and industrial environments: a review. Sustainability, 12(15), 6030. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12156030.

84 Merchán, J. P., Ballesteros, D., Jiménez, I. C., Medina, J. A., & Álvarez, O. (2009). Estudio de la biodegradación aerobia de almidón termoplástico (TPS). Suplemento de la Revista Latinoamericana de Metalurgia y Materiales, S1(1), 39-44. Retrieved in 2021, April 23, from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265980575_ESTUDIO_DE_LA_BIODEGRADACION_AEROBIA_DE_ALMIDON_TERMOPLASTICO_TPS

85 Chandra, R., & Rustgi, R. (1998). Biodegradable polymers. Progress in Polymer Science, 23(7), 1273-1335. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6700(97)00039-7.

86 Maran, J. P., Sivakumar, V., Thirugnanasambandham, K., & Sridhar, R. (2014). Degradation behavior of biocomposites based on cassava starch buried under indoor soil conditions. Carbohydrate Polymers, 101, 20-28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.08.080. PMid:24299744.

87 Torres, F. G., Troncoso, O. P., Torres, C., Díaz, D. A., & Amaya, E. (2011). Biodegradability and mechanical properties of starch films from Andean crops. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 48(4), 603-606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2011.01.026. PMid:21300087.

88 Arief, M. D., Mubarak, A. S., & Pujiastuti, D. Y. (2021). The concentration of sorbitol on bioplastic cellulose based carrageenan waste on biodegradability and mechanical properties bioplastic. IOP Conference Series. Earth and Environmental Science, 679(1), 012013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/679/1/012013.

89 Jayasekara, R., Harding, I., Bowater, I., Christie, G. B. Y., & Lonergan, G. T. (2003). Biodegradation by composting of surface modified starch and PVA blended films. Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 11(2), 49-56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1024219821633.

90 Tosin, M., Pischedda, A., & Degli-Innocenti, F. (2019). Biodegradation kinetics in soil of a multi-constituent biodegradable plastic. Polymer Degradation & Stability, 166, 213-218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.05.034.
 

63a05890a95395687e3941b4 polimeros Articles
Links & Downloads

Polímeros: Ciência e Tecnologia

Share this page
Page Sections