Avaliação de sistemas pró-degradantes na degradação termooxidativa do PEAD
Evaluation of the pro-degradant systems in the thermooxidative degradation of HDPE
Babetto, Alex Sandro; Agnelli, José Augusto M.; Bettini, Sílvia Helena Prado
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0104-1428.2022
Polímeros: Ciência e Tecnologia, vol.25, nSuppl, p.68-78, 2015
Resumo
Sistemas pró-degradantes fundamentados em estearatos de ferro e de manganês e o aditivo comercial d2w, fundamentado em sal orgânico de manganês, foram avaliados em filmes de polietileno de alta densidade (PEAD) em ambiente termooxidativo (estufa a 80 °C e ausência de luz). A degradação termooxidativa foi monitorada por propriedades mecânicas, espectroscopia de infravermelho e cromatografia por exclusão de tamanho. Os resultados mostram que ambos os metais aceleram a degradação termooxidativa do PEAD. Entretanto, o desempenho pró-degradante do estearato de manganês é significativamente superior ao do estearato de ferro. Para o ferro, a degradação aumenta com o aumento da concentração do metal, enquanto que o manganês apresenta valor máximo de degradação em função da concentração. O estado de oxidação do ferro não interfere no desempenho pró-degradante. O aditivo comercial d2wTM acelera, significativamente, a termooxidação do PEAD, mas seu desempenho é inferior ao estearato de manganês provavelmente em função do conjunto de estabilizantes adicionados ao produto comercial.
Palavras-chave
degradação, PEAD, estearato de ferro, estearato de manganês, pró-degradante.
Abstract
The evaluation of pro-degradant systems based on iron and manganese in the form of metallic stearate, and d2wTM commercial additive, based on organic salt of manganese, was carried out on films of high density polyethylene (HDPE) in thermal oxidative conditions (80 °C oven and absence of light). The thermo oxidative degradation was monitored by mechanical properties, by infrared spectroscopy and by size exclusion cromatography. The results show that both metals accelerate thermal oxidative degradation of HDPE. However, the pro-degrading performance of manganese is significantly higher than iron. Considering iron, the degradation increases with increasing concentration of the metal, while manganese presents the maximum value of degradation depending on the concentration. The oxidation state of iron does not interfere with pro-degrading performance. The commercial additive d2wTM significantly accelerates HDPE thermo-oxidation, but its performance is lower than manganese stearate as a function of the set of stabilizing additives to be added to the commercial product.
Keywords
degradation, HDPE, iron stearate, manganese stearate, pro-degradant.
References
1. Uda, M. J. (2011). Logística reversa da reciclagem de garrafas PET em Curitiba (Dissertação de mestrado). Instituto de Tecnologia para o Desenvolvimento (LACTEC), Curitiba.
2. Fabro, A. T., Lindemann, C., & Vieira, S. C. (2007). Utilização de sacolas plásticas em supermercados. Revista Ciências do Ambiente, 3(1), 15-23.
3. Tonello, D., Guissoni, L. S., Rizzo, M. R., Ribeiro, S. P., & Tisott, S. T. (2011). A polêmica da redução e extinção do uso das sacolas plásticas nos supermercados. Fórum Ambiental da Alta Paulista, 7(4), 709-725. http://dx.doi.org/10.17271/19800827742011146.
4. Vieira, S., & Carrillo, M. (2009). Sacolinha plástica: preocupação ambiental ou disputa por um mercado. Revista Reciclagem Moderna, 17, p. 24-31.
5. Vieira, S. (2011). Sacolas plásticas: os impactos no setor de reciclagem com o fim da sacola plástica. Revista Reciclagem Moderna, 27, p. 24-29.
6. De Paoli, M. A. (2008). Degradação e estabilização de polímeros. São Paulo: Artliber.
7. Ammala, A., Bateman, S., Dean, K., Petinakis, E., Sangwan, P., Wong, S., Yuan, Q., Yu, L., Patrick, C., & Leong, K. H. (2011). An overview of degradable and biodegradable polyolefins. Progress in Polymer Science, 36(8), 1015-1049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2010.12.002.
8. Koutny, M., Lemaire, J., & Delort, A.-M. (2006). Biodegradation of polyethylene films with prooxidant additives. Chemosphere, 64(8), 1243-1252. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.12.060. PMid:16487569.
9. Franchetti, S. M. M., & Marconato, J. C. (2006). Polímeros biodegradáveis: uma solução parcial para diminuir a quantidade dos resíduos plásticos. Química Nova, 29(4), 811-816.
10. Luckachan, G. E., & Pillai, C. K. S. (2011). Biodegradable polymers: a review on recent trends and emerging perspectives. Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 19(3), 637-676. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10924-011-0317-1.
11. Lucas, N., Bienaime, C., Belloy, C., Queneudec, M., Silvestre, F., & Nava-Saucedo, J.-E. (2008). Polymer biodegradation: mechanisms and estimation techniques. Chemosphere, 73(4), 429-442. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.06.064. PMid:18723204.
12. Malpass, D. B. (2010). Introduction to industrial polyethylene. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons.
13. Coutinho, F. M. B. (2003). Polietileno: principais tipos, propriedades e aplicações. Polímeros: Ciência e Tecnologia, 13(1), 1-13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0104-14282003000100005
14. Lehninger, A. L. (1987) Biquímica (v. 2). São Paulo: Editora Edgard Blücher Ltda.
15. Albertsson, A.-C., Andersson, S. O., & Karlsson, S. (1987). The mechanism of biodegradation of polyethylene. Polymer Degradation & Stability, 18(1), 73-87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0141-3910(87)90084-X.
16. Osawa, Z. (1988). Role of metals and metal-deactivators in polymer degardation. Polymer Degradation & Stability, 20(3-4), 203-236. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0141-3910(88)90070-5.
17. Albertsson, A.-C., Erlandsson, B., Hakkarainen, M., & Karlsson, S. (1998). Molecular weight changes and polymeric matrix changes correlated with the formation of degradation products in biodegraded polyethylene. Journal of Environmental Polymer Degradation, 6(4), 187-195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021873631162.
18. Chiellini, E., Corti, A., & Swift, G. (2003). Biodegradation of thermally-oxidized, fragmented low-density polyethylenes. Polymer Degradation & Stability, 81(2), 341-351. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0141-3910(03)00105-8.
19. Bonhomme, S., Cuer, A., Delort, A.-M., Lemaire, J., Sancelme, M., & Scott, G. (2003). Environmental biodegradation of polyethylene. Polymer Degradation & Stability, 81(3), 441-452. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0141-3910(03)00129-0.
20. Jakubowicz, I. (2003). Evaluation of degradability of biodegradable polyethylene (PE). Polymer Degradation & Stability, 80(1), 39-43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0141-3910(02)00380-4.
21. Jakubowicz, I., Yarahmadi, N., & Petersen, H. (2006). Evaluation of the rate of abiotic degradation of biodegradable polyethylene in various environments. Polymer Degradation & Stability, 91(7), 1556-1562. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2005.09.018.
22. Sheikh, N., Akhavan, A., Naimian, F., Khoylou, F., Hassanpour, S., & Sohrabpour, M. (2006). Formulation of a photosensitized polyethylene film; its structure and property variation under the weathering conditions of tehran. Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 14(1), 103-109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10924-005-8712-0.
23. Chiellini, E., Corti, A., D’Antone, S., & Baciu, R. (2006). Oxo-biodegradable carbon backbone polymers: oxidative degradation of polyethylene under accelerated test conditions. Polymer Degradation & Stability, 91(11), 2739-2747. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2006.03.022.
24. Chiellini, E., Corti, A., & D’Antone, S. (2007). Oxo-biodegradable full carbon backbone polymers: biodegradation behaviour of thermally oxidized polyethylene in an aqueous medium. Polymer Degradation & Stability, 92(7), 1378-1383. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2007.03.007.
25. Ojeda, T. F. M., Dalmolin, E., Forte, M. M. C., Jacques, R. J. S., Bento, F. M., & Camargo, F. A. O. (2009). Abiotic and biotic degradation of oxo-biodegradable polyethylenes. Polymer Degradation & Stability, 94(6), 965-970. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2009.03.011.
26. Roy, P. K., Surekha, P., Raman, R., & Rajagopal, C. (2009). Investigating the role of metal oxidation state on the degradation behaviour of LDPE. Polymer Degradation & Stability, 94(7), 1033-1039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2009.04.025.
27. Roy, P. K., Singh, P., Kumar, D., & Rajagopal, C. (2010). Manganese Stearate Initiated Photo-Oxidative and Thermo-Oxidative Degradation of LDPE, LLDPE and Their Blends. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 117, 524-533. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.31252.
28. Magagula, B., Nhlapo, N., & Focke, W. W. (2009). Mn2Al-LDH- and Co2Al-LDH stearate as photodegradants for LDPE film. Polymer Degradation & Stability, 94(6), 947-954. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2009.03.007.
29. Vogt, N. B., & Kleppe, E. A. (2009). Oxo-biodegradable polyolefins show continued and increased thermal oxidative degradation after exposure to light. Polymer Degradation & Stability, 94(4), 659-663. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2009.01.002.
30. Fontanella, S., Bonhomme, S., Koutny, M., Husarova, L., Brusson, J.-M., Courdavault, J.-P., Pitteri, S., Samuel, G., Pichon, G., Lemaire, J., & Delort, A. M. (2010). Comparison of the biodegradability of various polyethylene films containing pro-oxidant additives. Polymer Degradation & Stability, 95(6), 1011-1021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2010.03.009.
31. Pablos, J. L., Abrusci, C. I., Marin, I., López-Marín, J., Catalina, F., Espí, E., & Corrales, T. (2010). Photodegradation of polyethylenes: comparative effect of Fe and Ca-stearates as pro-oxidant additives. Polymer Degradation & Stability, 95(10), 2057-2064. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2010.07.003.
32. Manangan, T., Shawaphun, S., Sangsansiri, D., Changcharoen, J., & Wacharawichanant, S. (2010). Nano-sized titanium dioxides as photo-catalysts in degradation of polyethylene and polypropylene packagings. Science Journal Ubon Ratchathani University, 1(2), 14-20.
33. Yang, R., Christensen, P. A., Egerton, T. A., White, J. R., & Maltby, A. (2010). Spectroscopic Studies of photodegradation of polyethylene films containing TiO2 nanoparticles. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 119(3), 1330-1338. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.31669.
34. Abrusci, C., Pablos, J. L., Corrales, T., López-Marín, J., Marín, I., & Catalina, F. (2011). Biodegradation of photodegraded mulching films based on polyethylenes and stearates of calcium and iron as pro-oxidant additives. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 65(3), 451-459. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2010.10.012.
35. Konduri, M. K. R., Koteswarareddy, G., Kumar, D. B. R., Reddy, B. V., & Narasu, M. L. (2011). Effect of pro-oxidants on biodegradation of polyethylene (LDPE) by indigenous fungal isolate, aspergillus oryzae. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 120(6), 3536-3545. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.33517.
36. Jakubowicz, I., Yarahmadi, N., & Arthurson, V. (2011). Kinetics of abiotic and biotic degradability of low-density polyethylene containing prodegradant additives and its effect on the growth of microbial communities. Polymer Degradation & Stability, 96(5), 919-928. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2011.01.031.
37. Focke, W. W., Mashele, R. P., & Nhlapo, N. S. (2011). Stabilization of low-density polyethylene films containing metal stearates as photodegradants. Journal of Vinyl & Additive Technology, 17(1), 21-27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vnl.20248.
38. Jakubowicz, I., & Enebro, J. (2012). Effects of reprocessing of oxobiodegradable and non-degradable polyethylene on the durability of recycled materials. Polymer Degradation & Stability, 97(3), 316-321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2011.12.011.
39. Roy, P. K., Surekha, P., & Rajagopal, C. (2011). Surface oxidation of low-density polyethylene films to improve their susceptibility toward environmental degradation. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 122(4), 2765-2773. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.34097.
40. Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas – ABNT. (2010). NBR 14937: sacolas plásticas tipo camiseta: requisitos e métodos de ensaio. Rio de Janeiro: ABNT.
41. Boyd, R. N., & Morrison, R. T. (1983). Química Orgânica. Lisboa: Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian.
42. Agnelli, J. A. M. (2007). Degradação e estabilização de polímeros (Apostila do Núcleo de Reologia e Processamento de Polímeros). São Carlos: Universidade Federal de São Carlos.
43. Gugumus, F. (2001). Re-examination of the thermal oxidation reactions of polymers 1: new views of an old reaction. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 74, 327-339.
2. Fabro, A. T., Lindemann, C., & Vieira, S. C. (2007). Utilização de sacolas plásticas em supermercados. Revista Ciências do Ambiente, 3(1), 15-23.
3. Tonello, D., Guissoni, L. S., Rizzo, M. R., Ribeiro, S. P., & Tisott, S. T. (2011). A polêmica da redução e extinção do uso das sacolas plásticas nos supermercados. Fórum Ambiental da Alta Paulista, 7(4), 709-725. http://dx.doi.org/10.17271/19800827742011146.
4. Vieira, S., & Carrillo, M. (2009). Sacolinha plástica: preocupação ambiental ou disputa por um mercado. Revista Reciclagem Moderna, 17, p. 24-31.
5. Vieira, S. (2011). Sacolas plásticas: os impactos no setor de reciclagem com o fim da sacola plástica. Revista Reciclagem Moderna, 27, p. 24-29.
6. De Paoli, M. A. (2008). Degradação e estabilização de polímeros. São Paulo: Artliber.
7. Ammala, A., Bateman, S., Dean, K., Petinakis, E., Sangwan, P., Wong, S., Yuan, Q., Yu, L., Patrick, C., & Leong, K. H. (2011). An overview of degradable and biodegradable polyolefins. Progress in Polymer Science, 36(8), 1015-1049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2010.12.002.
8. Koutny, M., Lemaire, J., & Delort, A.-M. (2006). Biodegradation of polyethylene films with prooxidant additives. Chemosphere, 64(8), 1243-1252. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.12.060. PMid:16487569.
9. Franchetti, S. M. M., & Marconato, J. C. (2006). Polímeros biodegradáveis: uma solução parcial para diminuir a quantidade dos resíduos plásticos. Química Nova, 29(4), 811-816.
10. Luckachan, G. E., & Pillai, C. K. S. (2011). Biodegradable polymers: a review on recent trends and emerging perspectives. Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 19(3), 637-676. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10924-011-0317-1.
11. Lucas, N., Bienaime, C., Belloy, C., Queneudec, M., Silvestre, F., & Nava-Saucedo, J.-E. (2008). Polymer biodegradation: mechanisms and estimation techniques. Chemosphere, 73(4), 429-442. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.06.064. PMid:18723204.
12. Malpass, D. B. (2010). Introduction to industrial polyethylene. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons.
13. Coutinho, F. M. B. (2003). Polietileno: principais tipos, propriedades e aplicações. Polímeros: Ciência e Tecnologia, 13(1), 1-13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0104-14282003000100005
14. Lehninger, A. L. (1987) Biquímica (v. 2). São Paulo: Editora Edgard Blücher Ltda.
15. Albertsson, A.-C., Andersson, S. O., & Karlsson, S. (1987). The mechanism of biodegradation of polyethylene. Polymer Degradation & Stability, 18(1), 73-87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0141-3910(87)90084-X.
16. Osawa, Z. (1988). Role of metals and metal-deactivators in polymer degardation. Polymer Degradation & Stability, 20(3-4), 203-236. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0141-3910(88)90070-5.
17. Albertsson, A.-C., Erlandsson, B., Hakkarainen, M., & Karlsson, S. (1998). Molecular weight changes and polymeric matrix changes correlated with the formation of degradation products in biodegraded polyethylene. Journal of Environmental Polymer Degradation, 6(4), 187-195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021873631162.
18. Chiellini, E., Corti, A., & Swift, G. (2003). Biodegradation of thermally-oxidized, fragmented low-density polyethylenes. Polymer Degradation & Stability, 81(2), 341-351. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0141-3910(03)00105-8.
19. Bonhomme, S., Cuer, A., Delort, A.-M., Lemaire, J., Sancelme, M., & Scott, G. (2003). Environmental biodegradation of polyethylene. Polymer Degradation & Stability, 81(3), 441-452. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0141-3910(03)00129-0.
20. Jakubowicz, I. (2003). Evaluation of degradability of biodegradable polyethylene (PE). Polymer Degradation & Stability, 80(1), 39-43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0141-3910(02)00380-4.
21. Jakubowicz, I., Yarahmadi, N., & Petersen, H. (2006). Evaluation of the rate of abiotic degradation of biodegradable polyethylene in various environments. Polymer Degradation & Stability, 91(7), 1556-1562. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2005.09.018.
22. Sheikh, N., Akhavan, A., Naimian, F., Khoylou, F., Hassanpour, S., & Sohrabpour, M. (2006). Formulation of a photosensitized polyethylene film; its structure and property variation under the weathering conditions of tehran. Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 14(1), 103-109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10924-005-8712-0.
23. Chiellini, E., Corti, A., D’Antone, S., & Baciu, R. (2006). Oxo-biodegradable carbon backbone polymers: oxidative degradation of polyethylene under accelerated test conditions. Polymer Degradation & Stability, 91(11), 2739-2747. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2006.03.022.
24. Chiellini, E., Corti, A., & D’Antone, S. (2007). Oxo-biodegradable full carbon backbone polymers: biodegradation behaviour of thermally oxidized polyethylene in an aqueous medium. Polymer Degradation & Stability, 92(7), 1378-1383. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2007.03.007.
25. Ojeda, T. F. M., Dalmolin, E., Forte, M. M. C., Jacques, R. J. S., Bento, F. M., & Camargo, F. A. O. (2009). Abiotic and biotic degradation of oxo-biodegradable polyethylenes. Polymer Degradation & Stability, 94(6), 965-970. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2009.03.011.
26. Roy, P. K., Surekha, P., Raman, R., & Rajagopal, C. (2009). Investigating the role of metal oxidation state on the degradation behaviour of LDPE. Polymer Degradation & Stability, 94(7), 1033-1039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2009.04.025.
27. Roy, P. K., Singh, P., Kumar, D., & Rajagopal, C. (2010). Manganese Stearate Initiated Photo-Oxidative and Thermo-Oxidative Degradation of LDPE, LLDPE and Their Blends. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 117, 524-533. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.31252.
28. Magagula, B., Nhlapo, N., & Focke, W. W. (2009). Mn2Al-LDH- and Co2Al-LDH stearate as photodegradants for LDPE film. Polymer Degradation & Stability, 94(6), 947-954. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2009.03.007.
29. Vogt, N. B., & Kleppe, E. A. (2009). Oxo-biodegradable polyolefins show continued and increased thermal oxidative degradation after exposure to light. Polymer Degradation & Stability, 94(4), 659-663. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2009.01.002.
30. Fontanella, S., Bonhomme, S., Koutny, M., Husarova, L., Brusson, J.-M., Courdavault, J.-P., Pitteri, S., Samuel, G., Pichon, G., Lemaire, J., & Delort, A. M. (2010). Comparison of the biodegradability of various polyethylene films containing pro-oxidant additives. Polymer Degradation & Stability, 95(6), 1011-1021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2010.03.009.
31. Pablos, J. L., Abrusci, C. I., Marin, I., López-Marín, J., Catalina, F., Espí, E., & Corrales, T. (2010). Photodegradation of polyethylenes: comparative effect of Fe and Ca-stearates as pro-oxidant additives. Polymer Degradation & Stability, 95(10), 2057-2064. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2010.07.003.
32. Manangan, T., Shawaphun, S., Sangsansiri, D., Changcharoen, J., & Wacharawichanant, S. (2010). Nano-sized titanium dioxides as photo-catalysts in degradation of polyethylene and polypropylene packagings. Science Journal Ubon Ratchathani University, 1(2), 14-20.
33. Yang, R., Christensen, P. A., Egerton, T. A., White, J. R., & Maltby, A. (2010). Spectroscopic Studies of photodegradation of polyethylene films containing TiO2 nanoparticles. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 119(3), 1330-1338. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.31669.
34. Abrusci, C., Pablos, J. L., Corrales, T., López-Marín, J., Marín, I., & Catalina, F. (2011). Biodegradation of photodegraded mulching films based on polyethylenes and stearates of calcium and iron as pro-oxidant additives. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 65(3), 451-459. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2010.10.012.
35. Konduri, M. K. R., Koteswarareddy, G., Kumar, D. B. R., Reddy, B. V., & Narasu, M. L. (2011). Effect of pro-oxidants on biodegradation of polyethylene (LDPE) by indigenous fungal isolate, aspergillus oryzae. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 120(6), 3536-3545. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.33517.
36. Jakubowicz, I., Yarahmadi, N., & Arthurson, V. (2011). Kinetics of abiotic and biotic degradability of low-density polyethylene containing prodegradant additives and its effect on the growth of microbial communities. Polymer Degradation & Stability, 96(5), 919-928. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2011.01.031.
37. Focke, W. W., Mashele, R. P., & Nhlapo, N. S. (2011). Stabilization of low-density polyethylene films containing metal stearates as photodegradants. Journal of Vinyl & Additive Technology, 17(1), 21-27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vnl.20248.
38. Jakubowicz, I., & Enebro, J. (2012). Effects of reprocessing of oxobiodegradable and non-degradable polyethylene on the durability of recycled materials. Polymer Degradation & Stability, 97(3), 316-321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2011.12.011.
39. Roy, P. K., Surekha, P., & Rajagopal, C. (2011). Surface oxidation of low-density polyethylene films to improve their susceptibility toward environmental degradation. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 122(4), 2765-2773. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.34097.
40. Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas – ABNT. (2010). NBR 14937: sacolas plásticas tipo camiseta: requisitos e métodos de ensaio. Rio de Janeiro: ABNT.
41. Boyd, R. N., & Morrison, R. T. (1983). Química Orgânica. Lisboa: Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian.
42. Agnelli, J. A. M. (2007). Degradação e estabilização de polímeros (Apostila do Núcleo de Reologia e Processamento de Polímeros). São Carlos: Universidade Federal de São Carlos.
43. Gugumus, F. (2001). Re-examination of the thermal oxidation reactions of polymers 1: new views of an old reaction. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 74, 327-339.
Facebook
Google+
Twitter
LinkedIn
Mendeley
StumbleUpon
CiteULike
Reddit
Email