Polímeros: Ciência e Tecnologia
https://revistapolimeros.org.br/article/doi/10.1590/S0104-14282011005000028
Polímeros: Ciência e Tecnologia
Scientific & Technical Article

Comparison Between Physico-Chemical Properties of the Technical Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL) and those Natural Extracted from Solvent and Pressing

Rodrigues, Francisco H. A.; França, Francisco C. F.; Souza, José R. R.; Ricardo, Nágila M. P. S.; Feitosa, Judith P. A.

Downloads: 1
Views: 987

Abstract

Cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) is a by-product of the cashew kernel industry, applied mainly to produce polymeric derivatives. The technical CNSL (CNSLT) was obtained industrially, extracted by roasting the cashew nut shells at temperatures between 180 and 200 °C. Two methods were used to produce natural CNSL. For the extraction of CNSLNP, the cashew nut shells were pressed at room temperature. CNSLNS was extracted in hexane at room temperature and recovered at 50 °C. A comparison was made of the composition determined by HPLC and properties generated by viscosity measurements and also by TG, DSC and IPDT (integral procedural decomposition temperature). Natural CNSLs displayed higher content of cardol and anacardic acid and lower percentage of cardanol than CNSLT. The higher content of cardanol in CNSLNS was the major difference between natural CNSLs. CNSLNP had higher levels of impurity, higher viscosity, lower thermoxidative stabilities and lower ebullition temperature. The CNSL obtained by cold solvent extraction and recovery at 50 °C better preserves the original properties of the liquid.

Keywords

Chemical composition, CNSL, DSC, extraction, LCC, thermogravimetry, viscosity

References

1. Lubi, M. C. & Thachill, E. B. - Des. Monomers Polym., 3, p.123 (2000).

2. Patel, R. N.; Bandyopadhyay, S. & Ganesh, A. - Bioresour. Technol., 97, p.847 (2006).

3. Branchhor & Baid, R. - Plant Arch., 7, p.497 (2007).

4. Mazzetto, S. E.; Lemonaco, D. & Mele, G. - Quim. Nova, 32, p.732 (2009).

5. Kubo, I.; Ochi, M.; Viera P. C. & Komatsu, S. - J. Agric. Food Chem., 41, p.1012 (1993).

6. Trevisan, M. T. S.; Pfundstein, B.; Haubner, R.; Würtele, G.; Spiegelhalder, B.; Bartsch, H. & Owen, R. W. - Food Chem. Toxicol., 44, p.188 (2006).

7. Morais, T. C.; Pinto, N. B.; Carvalho, K. M. M. B.; Rios, J. B.; Ricardo, N. M. P. S.; Trevisan, M. T. S.; Rao, V. S. & Santos F. A. - Chem-Bio. Interact., 183, p.264 (2010).

8. Chelikani, R.; Kim, Y. H.; Yoon, D. Y. & Kim, D. S. - Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol., 157, p.263 (2009).

9. Souza, F. G.; Soares, B. G.; Siddaramaiah, S.; Barra G. M. O. & Hebst, M. H. - Polymer, 47, p.7548 (2006).

10. Rodrigues, F. H. A.; Feitosa, J. P. A.; Ricardo, N. M. P. S.; França, F. C. F. & Carioca, J. O. B. - J. Braz. Chem. Soc., 17, p.265 (2006).

11. Athawale, V. & Shetty, N. J. - J. Polym. Mater., 26, p.149 (2009).

12. Mattew, G.; Rhee, J. M.; Hwang, B. S. & Nah, C. - J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 106, p.178 (2007).

13. Parameswaran, P. S.; Abraham, B. T. & Thachil, E. T. - Prog. Rubber Plast. Recycl. Technol., 26, p.31 (2010).

14. Kumar, P. S.; Kumar, N. A.; Sivakumar, R. & Kaushik, C. - J. Mater. Sci., 44, p.5894 (2009).

15. Setianto, W. B.; Yoshikawa, S.; Smith Jr., R. L.; Inomata, H.; Florusse, L. J. & Peters, C. J. - J. Supercrit. Fluids, 48, p.203 (2009).

16. Kumar, P. P.; Paramashivappa, R.; Vithayathil, P. J.; Rao, P. V. S. & Rao, A. S. - J. Agric. Food Chem., 50, p.4705 (2002).

17. Ikeda, R.; Tanaka, H.; Uyama, H. & Kobayashi, S. - Polymer, 43, p.3475 (2002).

18. Philip, J. Y. N.; Francisco, J. C.; Dey, E. S.; Buchweishaija, J.; Mkayula, L. L. & Ye, L. - J. Agric. Food Chem., 56, p.9350 (2008).

19. Diogenes, M. J. N.; Vilar, M. D. O. L. L.; Diogenes, J. A. C. N.; de Morais, S. M.; Serrer, M. A. R.; de Andrade A. R. C.; Costa, E. B. & Alchorne, A. O. A. - Contact Derm., 52, p.293 (2005).

20. Doyle, C. D. - Anal. Chem., 33, p.77 (1961).

21. Chiang, C. L. & Hsu S. W. - Polym. Int., 59, p.119 (2010).

22. Cunha, P. L. R.; Maciel, J. S.; Sierakowski, M. R.; de Paula, R. C. M. & Feitosa, J. P. A. - J. Braz. Chem. Soc., 18, p.85 (2007).

23. Cowie, J. M. G.; Arrighi, V. A. – “Polymers: chemistry and physics of modern materials”, 3rd ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton (2008).

24. Silva, M. C. D.; Conceição, M. M.; Fernandes Jr, V. J.; Santos, I. M. G. & Souza, A. G. - Congresso de Biodiesel (2006).

25. Marrero-Morejon, J. & Pardillo-Fontdevila, E. - Chem. Eng. J., 79, p.69 (2000).

26. Rodrigues, F. H. A.; Souza, J. R. R.; França, F. C. F.; Ricardo, N. M. P. S. & Feitosa, J. P. A. - e-Polymers, 081 (2006).

27. Vinogradov, G. V. & Malkin, A. Ya. - “Rheology of polymers, viscoelasticity and flow of polymers”, Moscow (1980).

28. Rios, M. A. S.; Nascimento, T. L.; Santiago, S. N. & Mazzetto, S. E. - Energy Fuels, 23, p.5432 (2009).
5883716b7f8c9d0a0c8b48bd polimeros Articles
Links & Downloads

Polímeros: Ciência e Tecnologia

Share this page
Page Sections